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<p class="elementToProof" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; color: rgb(34, 34, 34);">Hello!</span></p>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; color: rgb(34, 34, 34);">We are hoping that you can help us spread the word about a funded master’s opportunity with Dr. David Shimabukuro's Water Resources Group at California State University,
Sacramento.</span></p>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; color: rgb(34, 34, 34);"><b>About our group:</b></span></p>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; color: rgb(34, 34, 34);">The Water Resources Group investigates potential connections between oil and gas production and potentially usable groundwater in California. We are funded by
the California State Water Resources Control Board Regional Monitoring Program and US Geological Survey California Water Science Center. You can find more information about our research partners at the California Oil, Gas, and Groundwater program
</span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; color: rgb(5, 99, 193);"><a href="https://ca.water.usgs.gov/projects/oil-gas-groundwater/science/salinity/" target="_blank" id="OWA3d0dd799-97e2-8501-8c63-0ea4432235b0" class="OWAAutoLink" data-saferedirecturl="https://www.google.com/url?q=https://ca.water.usgs.gov/projects/oil-gas-groundwater/science/salinity/&source=gmail&ust=1709160986837000&usg=AOvVaw3DOZQ6DGbrIEz9DJWXAN_c" data-loopstyle="linkonly" style="color: rgb(5, 99, 193); margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px;">here</a></span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; color: rgb(34, 34, 34);">.</span></p>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; color: rgb(34, 34, 34);">Our general approach is to use publicly available oil and gas well log records from the California Geologic Energy Management Division (CalGEM) to understand the
3-d relationship between stratigraphy, groundwater, and petroleum-production systems. We use borehole geophysical logs (resistivity, spontaneous potential, porosity) to map out the geologic framework of permeable rock and confining layers and to estimate groundwater
salinity using petrophysical equations such as Archie’s equation. We then use detailed well construction histories to understand the depth of oil production and fluid/steam injection from casing perforations and the extent of physical barriers such as casing,
annular cement, and plugs that prevent horizontal or vertical fluid migration. Visualization of the combined 3-d stratigraphic-groundwater-<wbr>petroleum system can then be used to understand risk to potential usable groundwater. Our work is then presented
to the California State Water Resources Control Board where it is used to inform regulatory decisions.</span></p>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; color: rgb(34, 34, 34);">All of our data is collected by our
</span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; color: rgb(5, 99, 193);"><a href="https://waterresourcesgroup.weebly.com/" target="_blank" id="OWAe25eb7f4-147d-22e3-d654-7ab50c4cafa8" class="OWAAutoLink" data-saferedirecturl="https://www.google.com/url?q=https://waterresourcesgroup.weebly.com/&source=gmail&ust=1709160986837000&usg=AOvVaw0f6z9VUQWnXSipbm_acY-O" data-loopstyle="linkonly" style="color: rgb(5, 99, 193); margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px;">Water
Resources Group</a></span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; color: rgb(34, 34, 34);">, an amazing group of undergraduate and graduate students directed and managed by Theron Sowers. The primary data which we use only
exists as CalGEM well records consisting of millions of pages of scans. Our students read through these documents, some of which are hundreds of pages and extend back into the 1800s, and extract important well construction data enabling us to have a better
idea of potential threat to groundwater.</span></p>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; color: rgb(34, 34, 34);"><b>We’re currently looking for prospective MS students that hold (or will hold) a bachelors in geology. Coursework in GIS, hydrogeology, geochemistry, and geophysics
is useful but not necessary. All projects will require the use of the Python programming language but don’t let this scare you away as we can teach you from scratch. Note that our graduate program requires 2nd semester Calculus and Chemistry but these can
be completed during the first year of our program.</b></span></p>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; color: rgb(34, 34, 34);">Future MS student projects could involve one or more of:</span></p>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; color: rgb(34, 34, 34);">1)</span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); line-height: normal;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; color: rgb(34, 34, 34);">Mapping
the salinity of groundwater in and around oil fields using borehole geophysical logs</span></p>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; color: rgb(34, 34, 34);">2)</span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); line-height: normal;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; color: rgb(34, 34, 34);">Mapping
the network of permeable sand layers that connect wells and aquifers</span></p>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; color: rgb(34, 34, 34);">3)</span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); line-height: normal;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; color: rgb(34, 34, 34);">Documenting
the evolution of water chemistry in aquifers through temporal changes in geophysical log response</span></p>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; color: rgb(34, 34, 34);">4)</span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); line-height: normal;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; color: rgb(34, 34, 34);">Quantifying
the role of well integrity problems that may allow vertical transmission.</span></p>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; color: rgb(34, 34, 34);">5)</span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); line-height: normal;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; color: rgb(34, 34, 34);">Visit
</span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; color: rgb(5, 99, 193);"><a href="https://shimabukuro.squarespace.com/new-page" target="_blank" id="OWA5f62f494-bcae-bdef-79f7-1101c5091059" class="OWAAutoLink" data-saferedirecturl="https://www.google.com/url?q=https://shimabukuro.squarespace.com/new-page&source=gmail&ust=1709160986837000&usg=AOvVaw3HucIz5o9uBCglAWDf7S34" style="color: rgb(5, 99, 193); margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px;">https://shimabukuro.<wbr>squarespace.com/new-page</a></span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; color: rgb(34, 34, 34);"> for
more examples of past projects</span></p>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; color: rgb(34, 34, 34);"><b>Funding information:</b></span></p>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; color: rgb(34, 34, 34);">The Water Resources Group offers competitive funding at approximately $32,000 per year, with the opportunity to combine with teaching associateships.</span></p>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; color: rgb(34, 34, 34);"><b>To apply:</b></span></p>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; color: rgb(34, 34, 34);">California State University, Sacramento Department of Geology offers a M.S. degree in Geology with While the formal application deadline for our program is March
1, 2024, late applications can be submitted through March 8 by contacting Dr. David Shimabukuro at
</span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; color: rgb(17, 85, 204);"><a href="mailto:dhs@csus.edu" target="_blank" id="OWAe949657e-8a45-9d5f-8b1f-2e7adaaf19a4" class="OWAAutoLink" data-loopstyle="linkonly" style="color: rgb(17, 85, 204); margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px;">dhs@csus.edu</a></span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; color: rgb(34, 34, 34);">.</span></p>
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