<p><b>mpetersen@lanl.gov</b> 2012-01-23 16:52:36 -0700 (Mon, 23 Jan 2012)</p><p>added ale vertical coordinate design doc to trunk/documents<br>
</p><hr noshade><pre><font color="gray">Added: trunk/documents/ocean/current_design_doc/ale_vert_coord/ale_vert_coord.pdf
===================================================================
--- trunk/documents/ocean/current_design_doc/ale_vert_coord/ale_vert_coord.pdf (rev 0)
+++ trunk/documents/ocean/current_design_doc/ale_vert_coord/ale_vert_coord.pdf 2012-01-23 23:52:36 UTC (rev 1414)
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+trailer
+<< /Size 140 /Root 1 0 R /Info 2 0 R
+/ID [<F539FC8573BB46D3F8DE520FC255C760><F539FC8573BB46D3F8DE520FC255C760>]
+>>
+startxref
+113462
+%%EOF
Added: trunk/documents/ocean/current_design_doc/ale_vert_coord/ale_vert_coord.tex
===================================================================
--- trunk/documents/ocean/current_design_doc/ale_vert_coord/ale_vert_coord.tex (rev 0)
+++ trunk/documents/ocean/current_design_doc/ale_vert_coord/ale_vert_coord.tex 2012-01-23 23:52:36 UTC (rev 1414)
@@ -0,0 +1,539 @@
+\documentclass[11pt]{report}
+
+\usepackage{epsf,amsmath,amsfonts}
+\usepackage{graphicx}
+
+\setlength{\textwidth}{6.5in}
+\setlength{\oddsidemargin}{0in}
+\setlength{\evensidemargin}{0in}
+\setlength{\textheight}{9.5in}
+\setlength{\topmargin}{0in}
+
+</font>
<font color="blue">ewcommand{\ds}{\displaystyle}
+\setlength{\parskip}{1.2ex}
+\setlength{\parindent}{0mm}
+</font>
<font color="blue">ewcommand{\bea}{\begin{eqnarray}}
+</font>
<font color="blue">ewcommand{\eea}{\end{eqnarray}}
+
+\begin{document}
+
+\title{ALE Vertical Coordinate: \\
+Requirements and Design}
+\author{MPAS Development Team}
+
+
+
+\maketitle
+\tableofcontents
+
+%-----------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+\chapter{Summary}
+
+An Arbitrary Lagrangian-Eulerian (ALE) vertical coordinate provides greater freedom than the traditional fixed z-level vertical coordinate system to reduce vertical mixing, allow thin top layers, and improve accuracy over steep topography. This ALE implementation has two components: it responds to the external mode and to high frequency internal models. The first allows all layers to expand and contract in proporation to the external mode, ie. changes in sea surface height (SSH). This alone has been called a $z^*$ coordinate system \cite{Adcroft_Campin04om,Campin_ea04om}. In addition, layer interfaces move with high frequency motions in the water column. This was called a ${\tilde z}$ coordinate system, as described by \cite{Leclair_Madec11om}. The purpose of both is to reduce spurious vertical mixing associtaed with fixed z-level coordinates. The $z^*$ part allows the top layers to be very thin, and bypass the constraint of a ten meter thick top layer that is require
d when all SSH variations must be within the top layer. The algorithm presented here draws heavily from \cite{Leclair_Madec11om}, but is translated into the thickness variables of MPAS-Ocean.
+
+%figure template
+%\begin{figure}
+% \center{\includegraphics[width=14cm]{./Figure1.pdf}}
+% \caption{A graphical representation of the discrete boundary.}
+% \label{Figure1}
+%\end{figure}
+
+%-----------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+\chapter{Requirements}
+
+\section{Requirement: A vertical coordinate that allows layers that are thinner than the SSH deviations.}
+Date last modified: 11/28/2011 \\
+Contributors: Mark, Todd \\
+
+SSH in a global ocean model is a maximum of 2-3m. The minimum layer thickness typically used in a z-level model is 10m, because all the SSH deviations must be encompassed by the top layer, the only one with variable thickness. If all layers are allowed to vary in thickness, the top layers can be arbitrarily thin.
+
+\section{Requirement: A vertical coordinate that reduces vertical mixing by moving with high frequency motions.}
+Date last modified: 11/28/2011 \\
+Contributors: Mark, Todd \\
+
+Much of the diapycnal mixing in fixed z-level ocean models is due to internal waves that advect fluid vertically with high temporal frequency, but do not transport water masses on longer time scales. One way to avoid this spurious vertical mixing is an ALE vertical coordinate that moves with the high frequency oscillations. Low frequency motions associated with water mass transport are filtered out and not included in the response of the vertical coordinate.
+
+
+
+%-----------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+\chapter{Algorithmic Formulations}
+Date last modified: 11/28/2011 \\
+Contributors: Mark, Todd \\
+
+\section{ALE formulation}
+
+Here we present a conceptual description of how the ALE vertical coordinate fits into a typical timestepping algorithm. The specifics of implementing ALE in our Runge-Kutta and split explicit formulation is given in later sections.
+
+The MPAS-ocean z-level formulation solves the following equations for thickness, momentum, and tracers at layer $k$:
+\begin{eqnarray}
+&&\label{h1} \ds
+\frac{\partial h_k}{\partial t}
+ + </font>
<font color="blue">abla \cdot \left( h_k^{edge} {\bf u}_k \right)
+ + \frac{\partial}{\partial z} \left( h_k w_k \right) = 0,
+\\&&\label{h1w} \ds
+\frac{\partial h_k}{\partial t} =
+ - </font>
<font color="blue">abla \cdot \left( h_k^{edge} {\bf u}_k \right)
+ + w^{top}_{k+1} - w^{top}_{k}
+\\&&
+\label{u1} \ds
+\frac{\partial {\bf u}_k}{\partial t}
++ \frac{1}{2}</font>
<font color="blue">abla \left| {\bf u}_k \right|^2
++ ( {\bf k} \cdot </font>
<font color="blue">abla \times {\bf u}_k) {\bf u}^\perp_k
++ f{\bf u}^{\perp}_k
++ w_k^{edge}\frac{\partial {\bf u}_k}{\partial z} </font>
<font color="blue">onumber \\ &&\hspace{2cm}
+ = - \frac{1}{\rho_0}</font>
<font color="black">abla p_k - \frac{\rho g}{\rho_0}</font>
<font color="blue">abla z^{mid}_k
+ +</font>
<font color="black">u_h</font>
<font color="blue">abla^2{\bf u}_k
+ + \frac{\partial }{\partial z}
+\left( </font>
<font color="blue">u_v \frac{\partial {\bf u}_k}{\partial z} \right),
+\\
+&&\label{continuous_tracer1} \ds
+\frac{\partial h_k\varphi_k}{\partial t}
+ + </font>
<font color="blue">abla \cdot \left( h_k^{edge}\varphi_k^{edge} {\bf u}_k \right)
+ + \frac{\partial}{\partial z} \left( h_k\varphi_k w_k \right)
+= </font>
<font color="black">abla\cdot\left(h_k^{edge} \kappa_h </font>
<font color="blue">abla\varphi_k \right)
++ h_k \frac{\partial }{\partial z}
+ \left( \kappa_v \frac{\partial \varphi_k}{\partial z} \right).
+\end{eqnarray}
+
+For the numerical formulation, we rewrite these equations with tendencies,
+\begin{eqnarray}
+&&\label{h1t} \ds
+\frac{\partial h_k}{\partial t} = T^h(h^*, u^*, w^*)
+\\&&
+\label{u1t} \ds
+\frac{\partial {\bf u}_k}{\partial t} = {\bf T}^u(h^*, u^*, w^*, p^*)
+\\
+&&\label{continuous_tracer1t} \ds
+\frac{\partial h_k\varphi_k}{\partial t} = T^\varphi(h^*, u^*, w^*, \varphi^*)
+\end{eqnarray}
+
+For this general timestepping descrption, we proceed from time $t_n$, where all variables are known, to time $t_{n+1}$, using $*$ variables for the fluxes that appear in the tendencies of the prognostic equations. Typically, the $*$ variables are from time $n$ for the first iteration, and time $n+1/2$ or $n+1$ for subsequent iterations.
+
+{\bf Single iteration of the timestepping scheme for z-star}
+\begin{eqnarray} &&
+\mbox{known: all $n$ and $*$ variables except $w^{top}_*$}\\&&
+\mbox{ALE step: compute vertical transport $w^{top}_*$}
+\mbox{ (branch for different grid types)}\\ &&
+\mbox{compute tendencies ${\bf T}^u, T^h, T^\varphi $ using $*$ variables}\\ &&
+\mbox{boundary update on all tendencies: } {\bf T}^u,T^h,T^\varphi\\&&
+{\bf u}_{k,n+1} = {\bf u}_{k,n} + \Delta t {\bf T}^u_k \\&&
+h_{k,n+1} = h_{k,n} + \Delta t T^h_k \\&&
+{\varphi}_{k,n+1} = \varphi_{k,n} + \Delta t T^\varphi_k \\&&
+\mbox{compute diagnostics based on }{\bf u}_{k,n+1},h_{k,n+1},\varphi_{k,n+1}
+\end{eqnarray}
+
+{\bf Single iteration of the timestepping scheme for z-tilde}
+\begin{eqnarray} &&
+\mbox{known: all $n$ and $*$ variables except $w^{top}_*$}\\&&
+\mbox{compute tendencies }
+T^{hhf}, \;\;
+T^{Dlf} \mbox{ using $*$ variables} \\ &&
+\mbox{ALE step: compute vertical transport $w^{top}_*$}
+\mbox{ (branch for different grid types)}\\ &&
+\mbox{compute tendencies ${\bf T}^u, T^\varphi $ using $*$ variables}\\ &&
+\mbox{boundary update on all tendencies: } {\bf T}^u,T^h,T^{hhf},T^{Dlf},T^\varphi\\&&
+{\bf u}_{k,n+1} = {\bf u}_{k,n+1} + \Delta t {\bf T}^u_k \\&&
+h_{k,n+1} = h_{k,n} + \Delta t T^h_k \\&&
+{\varphi}_{k,n+1} = \varphi_{k,n} + \Delta t T^\varphi_k \\&&
+h^{hf}_{k,n+1} = h^{hf}_{k,n} + \Delta t T^{hhf}_k \\&&
+D^{lf}_{k,n+1} = D^{lf}_{k,n} + \Delta t T^{Dlf}_k \\&&
+\mbox{compute diagnostics based on }{\bf u}_{k,n+1},h_{k,n+1},\varphi_{k,n+1}
+\end{eqnarray}
+
+Where super scripts $hf$ and $lf$ refer to the high and low frequency components, as explained in the next section.
+
+There is only one step that determines the vertical grid--the ALE step where $w^{top}_*$ is computed. It is important to note that $w^{top}_*$ is the transport of fluid through the layer interface. If the grid is fixed (z-level) then it is the vertical velocity of the fluid. The critical part of the ALE step is that $w^{top}_*$ is specifically chosen in order to get the desired vertical grid behavior. The thickness $h$ is then stepped forward with the continuity equation using this $w^{top}_*$.
+
+The algorithm for the ALE step can be summarized as follows:
+\bea
+\mbox{divergence} && D_{k,*} = </font>
<font color="blue">abla_h \cdot \left( h^{edge}_{k,*} {\bf u}_{k,*} \right) \label{D1a} \\
+\mbox{barotropic divergence} && {\overline D}_* = \Sigma_{k=1}^{kmax} D_{k,*} \\
+\mbox{\bf branch for grid type:} && \\
+\mbox{z-level} && {\tilde T}^h_k = \left\{
+\begin{array}{ll}-{\overline D}_*, &\; k=1 \\0, &\; k>1 \end{array}\right.\\
+\mbox{z-star} && {\tilde T}^h_k = \frac{W_k}{\Sigma_{k=1}^{kmax} W_k}(-{\overline D}_*)\\
+\mbox{z-tilde} && {\tilde T}^h_k = \frac{W_k}{\Sigma_{k=1}^{kmax} W_k}(-{\overline D}_*) + T^{hhf}_k\\
+\mbox{isopycnal} && {\tilde T}^h_k = - D_{k,*}\\
+\mbox{compute $w^{top}_*$ from $k=k_{max}$ to $k=2$} && w^{top}_{k,*} = w^{top}_{k+1,*} - D_{k,*} - {\tilde T}^h_k
+\eea
+
+\section{The equation set for z-tilde}
+
+Here we write the full equation set for the z-tilde system.
+Two new prognostic equations are added, for $h^{hf}$, the high frequency variations in thickness, and $D^{lf}$, the low frequency divergence variable. Definitions are as follows:
+\bea
+\mbox{divergence} && D_k = </font>
<font color="blue">abla_h \cdot \left( h^{edge}_k {\bf u}_k \right) \label{D1} \\
+\mbox{barotropic and baroclinic divergence} && D_k = {\overline D} + D_k' = {\overline D} + D^{hf}_k + D^{lf}_k \label{D}\\
+\mbox{barotropic divergence} && {\overline D} = \Sigma_{k=1}^{kmax} D_k \\
+\mbox{low frequecy baroclinic divergence} &&
+ \frac{\partial D^{lf}_k}{\partial t} = - \frac{2\pi}{\tau_{\;lf}} \left[ D^{lf}_k - D'_k \right] \label{Dlf}\\
+\mbox{thickness} && h_k = h^{init}_k + h^{hf}_k + h^{ext}_k \label{h} \\
+\mbox{thickness tendency} &&
+ \frac{\partial h_k}{\partial t} = \frac{\partial h^{hf}_k}{\partial t} + \frac{\partial h^{ext}_k}{\partial t}
+ \label{dhdt} \\
+\mbox{high frequency thickness tendency} &&
+ \frac{\partial h^{hf}_k}{\partial t} = - D^{hf}_k - \frac{2\pi}{\tau_{rest}} h^{hf}_k
+ + </font>
<font color="black">abla_h\cdot \left( \kappa_{hf} </font>
<font color="blue">abla_h h^{hf}_k \right)
+ \label{hhf} \\
+\mbox{external mode thickness response} &&
+ \frac{\partial h^{ext}_k}{\partial t} = \frac{W_k}{\Sigma_{k=1}^{kmax} W_k}
+ \frac{\partial \zeta}{\partial t}
+ \label{hext} \\
+\mbox{SSH} &&
+ \frac{\partial \zeta}{\partial t} = -{\overline D}
+ \label{ssh} \\
+\mbox{continuity equation (solve for $w$)} &&
+\label{cont}
+\frac{\partial h_k}{\partial t} + D_k + \frac{\partial}{\partial z} \left( h_k w_k \right) = 0.
+\eea
+These equations are discrete in the vertical, indexed by layer $k$, but continuous in the horizontal and in time. The thickness variables $h$, divergence variables $D$, velocity ${\bf u}$, and SSH $\zeta$ are functions of $({\bf x},t)$, and vertical dependance is explicitly labelled with a subscript $k$. External thickness weights $W_k$ do not depend on ${\bf x}$ or $t$, and constant parameters include
+$\tau_{lf}$, $\tau_{rest}$, and $\kappa_{hf}$.
+
+The divergence in each cell, $D$, is partitioned (\ref{D}) into its barotropic component ${\overline D}$ and its baroclinic component $D'$, which is further subpartitioned into the low frequency baroclinic component $D^{lf}$ and the remaining high frequency component $D^{hf}$. The low frequency baroclinic divergence (\ref{Dlf}) is computed using a first-order low-pass filter, as suggested by \cite{Leclair_Madec11om}, with timescale $\tau_{lf}$. The new prognostic variable $D^{lf}$ should be initialized as zero and saved to the restart file.
+
+The thickness $h$ (\ref{h}) is initialized with the 3D field $h^{init}$, and then evolves (\ref{dhdt}) with contributions due to high frequency divergence $h^{hf}$ (the ${\tilde z}$-coordinate part) and external mode oscillations $h^{ext}$ (the $z^*$-coordinate part). The tendency for $h^{hf}$ (\ref{hhf}) is primarily due to the high frequency divergence term $D^{hf}$, but also includes a restoring term with timescale $\tau_{rest}$ to prevent any longterm drift coordinate drift, and a thickness diffusion term with diffusion coefficient $\kappa_{hf}$ to prevent gridscale noise in the surface interfaces, as explained in \cite{Leclair_Madec11om}. The new prognostic variable $h^{hf}$ should be initialized as zero and saved to the restart file.
+
+The prognostic equation for $h^{ext}_k$ (\ref{hext}) simply changes the layer thickness in proportion to the change in SSH $\zeta$, where the constant of proportionality $W$ may vary by level (this differs from the formulation in \cite{Leclair_Madec11om}). In a pure $z^*$-coordinate system, one could compute the thickness simply as
+\bea
+ h^{ext}_k = \frac{W_k}{\Sigma_{k=1}^{kmax} W_k} \zeta
+\eea
+at each timestep. But here in the ${\tilde z}$-coordinate system, a prognostic equation for $h^{ext}_k$ is required so that it can be combined with the high-frequency divergence effects.
+The continuity equation (\ref{cont}) is then used to solve diagnostically for $w$, the vertical transport through the layer interface.
+
+\section{Algorithm for additional z-tilde tendencies \label{s tend alg}}
+
+In the tendency computations that must be added to the code for z-tilde are:
+\bea
+\mbox{low freq. baroclinic div.} &&
+ \frac{\partial D^{lf}_k}{\partial t}
+= - \frac{2\pi}{\tau_{\;lf}} \left[ D^{lf}_k - (D_k-{\overline D}) \right] \label{Dlf2}\\
+\mbox{high freq. thickness tend.} &&
+ \frac{\partial h^{hf}_k}{\partial t} = - (D_k-{\overline D}-D^{lf}_k) - \frac{2\pi}{\tau_{rest}} h^{hf}_k
+ + </font>
<font color="black">abla_h\cdot \left( \kappa_{hf} </font>
<font color="blue">abla_h h^{hf}_k \right)
+ \label{hhf2}
+\eea
+
+Note that the variables $D'$ and $D^{hf}$ do not appear in the algorithm and thus do not need to be stored or explicitly computed. We have replaced $\partial \zeta / \partial t$ with $-{\overline D}$ in (\ref{dhdt2}), but need to make sure that the time indexing for this is correct.
+
+\section{Geopotential gradient in momentum equation}
+In order to account for hydrostatic pressure differences in tilted layers, an additional term is required in the momentum equation:
+\bea
+\label{u2} \ds
+\frac{\partial {\bf u}_k}{\partial t}
++ \frac{1}{2}</font>
<font color="blue">abla \left| {\bf u}_k \right|^2
++ ( {\bf k} \cdot </font>
<font color="blue">abla \times {\bf u}_k) {\bf u}^\perp_k
++ f{\bf u}^{\perp}_k
++ w_k^{edge}\frac{\partial {\bf u}_k}{\partial z} \hspace{1cm} </font>
<font color="blue">onumber \\
+ = - \frac{1}{\rho_0}</font>
<font color="black">abla p_k - \frac{\rho g}{\rho_0}</font>
<font color="blue">abla z^{mid}_k
+ +</font>
<font color="black">u_h</font>
<font color="blue">abla^2{\bf u}_k
+ + \frac{\partial }{\partial z}
+\left( </font>
<font color="blue">u_v \frac{\partial {\bf u}_k}{\partial z} \right)
+\eea
+The variable $z^{mid}_k$ does not require a permanent variable, but can be computed as needed with:
+\bea
+z^{mid}_k = \zeta - \Sigma_{k'=1}^{k} h_{k'} - \frac{1}{2}h_k
+\eea
+
+Questions: does it matter if we use zmid, ztop, zbot?
+
+</font>
<font color="blue">ewpage
+\section{Revised Runga-Kutta algorithm}
+
+For any timestepping method, the additional tendencies and diagnostic variables outlined in section \ref{s tend alg} above would be implemented in the same way, using the same subroutines. For the Runge-Kutta algorithm, prognostic equations for $h^{hf}$ and $D^{lf}$ must be added as follows. Here $*$ denotes intermediate variables.
+
+{\bf Prep variables before first stage}
+\begin{eqnarray} &&
+{\bf u}_{k,n+1}={\bf u}_{k,n}, \;\;
+h_{k,n+1}=h_{k,n},\;\;
+h^{hf}_{k,n+1}=h^{hf}_{k,n},\;\;
+D^{lf}_{k,n+1}=D^{lf}_{k,n},\;\;
+{\varphi}_{k,n+1} = {\varphi}_{k,n} h_{k,n}
+\\&&
+{\bf u}_k^*={\bf u}_{k,n}, \;\;
+h_k^*=h_{k,n},\;\;
+h^{*hf}_k=h^{hf}_{k,n},\;\;
+D^{*lf}_k=D^{lf}_{k,n},\;\;
+{\varphi}_k^* = {\varphi}_{k,n}, \;\;
+p_k^*=p_{k,n}
+\\&&
+a = \left(\frac{1}{2},\frac{1}{2},1,0 \right),\;\;
+b = \left(\frac{1}{6},\frac{1}{3},\frac{1}{3},\frac{1}{6}\right),\;\;
+\end{eqnarray}
+
+{\bf Iteration}
+\begin{eqnarray} &&
+\mbox{do j=1,4} \\&& \hspace{.5cm}
+\mbox{compute tendencies }
+T^{hhf}, \;\;
+T^{Dlf} \\ && \hspace{.5cm}
+\mbox{ALE step: compute vertical transport $w^{top}_*$}
+\mbox{ (branch for different grid types)}\\ && \hspace{.5cm}
+\mbox{compute tendencies }
+{\bf T}^u({\bf u}_k^*,w_k^*,p_k^*), \;\;
+T^\varphi({\bf u}_k^*,w_k^*,\varphi_k^*) \\ && \hspace{.5cm}\hspace{.5cm}
+T^h_k = -D_k^* + w_{k+1}^* - w_{k}^* \\ && \hspace{.5cm}
+\mbox{boundary update on all tendencies: } {\bf T}^u,T^h,T^{hhf},T^{Dlf},T^\varphi\\&& \hspace{.5cm}
+{\bf u}^*_k = {\bf u}_{k,n} + a_j \Delta t {\bf T}^u_k \\&& \hspace{.5cm}
+h^*_k = h_{k,n} + a_j \Delta t T^h_k \\&& \hspace{.5cm}
+h^{*hf}_k = h^{hf}_{k,n} + a_j \Delta t T^{hhf}_k \\&& \hspace{.5cm}
+D^{*lf}_k = D^{lf}_{k,n} + a_j \Delta t T^{Dlf}_k \\&& \hspace{.5cm}
+{\varphi}_k^* = \frac{1}{h_k^*} \left[
+h_{k,n} \varphi_{k,n}
++ a_j \Delta t T^\varphi_k \right]
+\\&& \hspace{.5cm}
+\mbox{compute diagnostics based on }{\bf u}_k^*,h_k^*,\varphi_k^* \\&& \hspace{.5cm}
+{\bf u}_{k,n+1} = {\bf u}_{k,n+1} + b_j \Delta t {\bf T}^u_k \\&& \hspace{.5cm}
+h_{k,n+1} = h_{k,n+1} + b_j \Delta t T^h_k \\&& \hspace{.5cm}
+h^{hf}_{k,n+1} = h^{hf}_{k,n+1} + b_j \Delta t T^{hhf}_k \\&& \hspace{.5cm}
+D^{lf}_{k,n+1} = D^{lf}_{k,n+1} + b_j \Delta t T^{Dlf}_k \\&& \hspace{.5cm}
+{\varphi}_{k,n+1} =
+ \varphi_{k,n+1}
++ b_j \Delta t T^\varphi_k \\&&
+\mbox{enddo}
+\end{eqnarray}
+{\bf End of step}
+\begin{eqnarray} &&
+\varphi_{k,n+1} =
+ \varphi_{k,n+1} / h_{k,n+1} \\&&
+\mbox{revise } {\bf u}_{k,n+1},\;\;\varphi_{k,n+1} \mbox{ with implicit vertical mixing}\\&&
+\mbox{compute diagnostics based on }{\bf u}_{k,n+1},h_{k,n+1},\varphi_{k,n+1}
+\end{eqnarray}
+
+</font>
<font color="blue">ewpage
+\section{Revised Split Explicit Algorithm}
+Additional tendencies and diagnostic variables outlined in section \ref{s tend alg} are the same here. The additional prognostic equations for $h^{hf}$ and $D^{lf}$ do not affect the barotropic subcycling, and are similar to the timestepping of tracer variables. The wrinkle here is to ensure that the new SSH computed from the barotropic solver (Stage 2) is used correctly for $h^{ext}_k$.
+</font>
<font color="blue">ewcommand{\ubtr}{ \overline{\bf u}}
+</font>
<font color="blue">ewcommand{\ubcl}{ {\bf u}'_k}
+
+{\bf Prepare variables before first iteration}\\
+Always use most recent available for forcing terms. The first time, use end of last timestep.
+\begin{eqnarray} &&
+{\bf u}_k^*={\bf u}_{k,n},\;\;
+w_k^*=w_{k,n},\;\;
+p_k^*=p_{k,n}, \;\;
+{\varphi}_k^* = {\varphi}_{k,n},\\&&
+h_{k,*} = h_{k,n}, \;\; h_{k,*}^{edge} = h_{k,n}^{edge},
+\zeta_{*} = \zeta_n \\&&
+h^{*hf}_k=h^{hf}_{k,n},\;\;
+D^{*lf}_k=D^{lf}_{k,n} \\ &&
+\ubtr_n = \left. \textstyle \sum_{k=1}^{N^{edge}}
+h_{k,n}^{edge} {\bf u}_{k,n}
+\right/\textstyle
+\sum_{k=1}^{N^{edge}}h_{k,n}^{edge}
+\mbox{, on start-up only.}
+\\&&
+\mbox{Otherwise, }\ubtr_n\mbox{ from previous step.}\\&&
+{\bf u}'_{k,n} = {\bf u}_{k,n} - \ubtr_n \label{ubcl10}
+\\&&
+{\bf u}_{k,n+1/2}'={\bf u}_{k,n}'
+\end{eqnarray}
+
+{\bf Stage 1: Baroclinic velocity (3D), explicit with long timestep}\\
+Iterate on linear Coriolis term only.
+\begin{eqnarray} &&
+\mbox{compute } {\bf T}^u({\bf u}_k^*,w_k^*,p_k^*) +g</font>
<font color="blue">abla \zeta^* \\ &&
+\mbox{compute weights, }\omega_k = h_{k,*}^{edge}
+\left/\textstyle\sum_{k=1}^{N^{edge}} h_{k,*}^{edge}
+\right.\\ &&
+\left\{\begin{array}{l} \label{u bcl s2}
+\mbox{compute }{\bf u}_{k,n+1/2}^{'\;\perp}\mbox{ from }{\bf u}_{k,n+1/2}'\\
+{\tilde {\bf u}}'_{k,n+1} = {\bf u}'_{k,n} + \Delta t
+\left( -f{\bf u}_{k,n+1/2}^{'\;\perp} + {\bf T}({\bf u}_k^*,w_k^*,p_k^*)
++g</font>
<font color="blue">abla \zeta^* \right)
+\\
+{\overline {\bf G}} =
+\frac{1}{\Delta t}
+\sum_{k=1}^{N^{edge}} \omega_k {\tilde {\bf u}}'_{k,n+1}
+\mbox{ (unsplit: ${\overline {\bf G}} =0$ )}
+\\
+{\bf u}'_{k,n+1} = {\tilde {\bf u}}'_{k,n+1} - \Delta t {\overline {\bf G}}
+\\
+{\bf u}'_{k,n+1/2} = \frac{1}{2}\left({\bf u}^{'}_{k,n} +{\bf u}'_{k,n+1}\right)
+\\
+\mbox{boundary update on }{\bf u}'_{k,n+1/2}
+\end{array}
+\right. \;\;\; l=1\ldots L \\ &&
+\end{eqnarray}
+
+{\bf Stage 2: Barotropic velocity (2D), explicitly subcycled}\\
+Advance $\ubtr$ and $\zeta$ as a coupled system.
+\begin{eqnarray}
+\label{u btr 5} &&
+\left\{\begin{array}{l}
+\mbox{compute }\ubtr_{n+(j-1)/J}^{\perp}\mbox{ from }\ubtr_{n+(j-1)/J} \\
+{\tilde \ubtr}_{n+j/J} = \ubtr_{n+(j-1)/J} + \frac{\Delta t}{J} \left(
+- f\ubtr_{n+(j-1)/J}^{\perp}
+- g</font>
<font color="blue">abla \zeta_{n+(j-1)/J} + {\overline {\bf G}_j}
+\right)\\
+\mbox{boundary update on }{\tilde \ubtr}_{n+j/J}\\
+\zeta_{n+(j-1)/J}^{edge} = Interp(\zeta_{n+(j-1)/J}) \\
+\tilde{\bf F}_j = \left((1-\gamma_1){\ubtr}_{n+(j-1)/J} + \gamma_1{\tilde \ubtr}_{n+j/J}\right)
+\left(\zeta_{n+(j-1)/J}^{edge} + \sum_{k=1}^{N^{edge}} \Delta z_k \right)\\
+\tilde\zeta_{n+j/J} = \zeta_{n+(j-1)/J} + \frac{\Delta t}{J} \left( -
+ </font>
<font color="blue">abla \cdot \tilde{\bf F}_j \right) \\
+\mbox{boundary update on } \tilde\zeta_{n+j/J} \\
+\mbox{compute }{\tilde \ubtr}_{n+j/J}^{\perp}\mbox{ from }{\tilde \ubtr}_{n+j/J} \\
+\ubtr_{n+j/J} = \ubtr_{n+(j-1)/J} + \frac{\Delta t}{J} \left(
+- f{\tilde \ubtr}_{n+j/J}^{\perp}
+- g</font>
<font color="blue">abla \left((1-\gamma_2)\zeta_{n+(j-1)/J} + \gamma_2\tilde\zeta_{n+j/J}\right) + {\overline {\bf G}_j}
+\right),\\
+\mbox{boundary update on }\ubtr_{n+j/J}\\
+{\bf F}_j = \left((1-\gamma_3){\ubtr}_{n+(j-1)/J} + \gamma_3 \ubtr_{n+j/J}\right)
+\left(\zeta_{n+(j-1)/J}^{edge} + \sum_{k=1}^{N^{edge}} \Delta z_k \right)\\
+\zeta_{n+j/J} = \zeta_{n+(j-1)/J} + \frac{\Delta t}{J} \left( -
+ </font>
<font color="blue">abla \cdot {\bf F}_j \right) \\
+\mbox{boundary update on } \zeta_{n+j/J} \\
+\end{array}
+\right. \;\;\; j=1\ldots 2J \hspace{1cm}
+\end{eqnarray}
+Note: The last three lines may be iterated to update the velocity in the Coriolis term. ${\overline {\bf G}}_j$ may vary over the barotropic subcycles, as long as
+$\frac{1}{2J}\sum_{j=1}^{2J}{\overline {\bf G}}_j={\overline {\bf G}}$.
+\begin{eqnarray} &&
+\ubtr_{avg} = \frac{1}{2J+1} \sum_{j=0}^{2J} \ubtr_{n+j/J}
+\label{ustar5}\\&&
+{\overline {\bf F}} = \frac{1}{2J} \sum_{j=1}^{2J}{\bf F}_j \\&&
+\mbox{boundary update on }{\overline {\bf F}}
+\\&&
+{\overline D}_* = -</font>
<font color="blue">abla \cdot {\overline F}
+\\&&
+\zeta_{avg} = \zeta_{n} + \Delta t \left( - </font>
<font color="blue">abla \cdot {\overline {\bf F}} \right)
+\\ &&
+{\bf u}_{k,avg} = \ubtr_{avg} + {\bf u}'_{k,n+1/2}
+\\ &&
+{\bf u}^{corr} = \left( {\overline {\bf F}}
+ - \sum_{k=1}^{N^{edge}} h_{k,*}^{edge} {\bf u}_k^{avg} \right)
+\left/ \sum_{k=1}^{N^{edge}} h_{k,*}^{edge} \right.
+\\ &&
+{\bf u}^{tr}_k = {\bf u}^{avg}_k + {\bf u}^{corr}
+\end{eqnarray}
+For unsplit explicit, skip all computations in stage 2. Instead, set:
+\bea
+&&
+\ubtr_{avg} = 0 \\ &&
+{\bf u}^{tr}_{k} = {\bf u}'_{k,n+1/2} \\ &&
+{\overline D}_* = -</font>
<font color="blue">abla \cdot \left( h_k^{*\; edge} {\bf u}_k^{tr} \right)
+\eea
+
+
+{\bf Stage 3}
+\bea &&
+\mbox{compute tendencies }
+T^{hhf}, \;\;
+T^{Dlf} \\ &&
+\mbox{ALE step: compute vertical transport $w^{top}_*$}
+\mbox{ (branch for different grid types)}\\ &&
+\mbox{ based on }{\overline D}^*, u^{tr}, h^* \\ &&
+T^h_k = \left( - </font>
<font color="blue">abla \cdot \left( h_k^{*\; edge} {\bf u}_k^{tr} \right)
+- \frac{\partial}{\partial z} \left( h_k^* w_k^* \right) \right)
+%-D_k^* + w_{k+1}^* - w_{k}^*
+\\ &&
+T^\varphi %({\bf u}_k^*,w_k^*,\varphi_k^*)
+= \left( - </font>
<font color="blue">abla \cdot \left( h_k^{*\; edge}\varphi_k^* {\bf u}_k^{tr} \right)
+- \frac{\partial}{\partial z} \left( h_k^*\varphi_k^* w_k^* \right)
++ </font>
<font color="black">abla\cdot\left(h_k^* \kappa_h </font>
<font color="blue">abla\varphi_k^* \right)
++ h_k^* \frac{\partial }{\partial z}
+ \left( \kappa_v \frac{\partial \varphi_k^*}{\partial z} \right)
+\right)
+\\ &&
+\mbox{boundary update on all tendencies: } {\bf T}^u,T^h,T^{hhf},T^{Dlf},T^\varphi\\&&
+h_{k,n+1} = h_{k,n} + \Delta t T^h_k \\&&
+\label{phi3}
+{\varphi}_{k,n+1} = \frac{1}{h_{k,n+1}} \left[
+h_{k,n} \varphi_{k,n}
++ \Delta t T^\varphi_k \right]
+\label{phi}
+\\&&
+h^{hf}_{k,n+1} = h^{hf}_{k,n} + \Delta t T^{hhf}_k \\ &&
+D^{lf}_{k,n+1} = D^{lf}_{k,n} + \Delta t T^{Dlf}_k
+\eea
+
+{\bf Reset variables}
+\bea
+\begin{array}{ll}
+\mbox{\bf if iterating} & \mbox{\bf after final iteration}\smallskip\\
+{\bf u}'_{k,*} = {\bf u}'_{k,n+1/2} & {\bf u}'_{k,n+1} \mbox{ from stage 1}\smallskip\\
+\ubtr_* = \ubtr_{avg} & \ubtr_{n+1} = \ubtr_{avg} \mbox{ from stage 2}\smallskip\\
+{\bf u}_{k,*} = {\bf u}_{k}^{tr} \mbox{ (could be $u_{k}^{avg}$, doesn't matter)} & {\bf u}_{k,n+1} = \ubtr_{n+1} + {\bf u}'_{k,n+1}\smallskip\\
+\zeta_* = \zeta_{avg} &
+\zeta_{n+1} = \zeta_{avg} \smallskip\\
+h_{k,*} = \frac{1}{2}\left(h_{k,n} +h_{k,n+1}\right)
+ & h_{k,n+1} \mbox{ from stage 3} \smallskip\\
+\varphi_{k,*} = \frac{1}{2}\left(\varphi_{k,n} +\varphi_{k,n+1}\right)
+ & \varphi_{k,n+1} \mbox{ from stage 3} \smallskip\\
+h^{hf}_{k,*} = \frac{1}{2}\left(h^{hf}_{k,n} +h^{hf}_{k,n+1}\right)
+& h^{hf}_{k,n+1} \mbox{ from stage 3} \smallskip\\
+D^{lf}_{k,*} = \frac{1}{2}\left(D^{lf}_{k,n} +D^{lf}_{k,n+1}\right) &
+D^{lf}_{k,n+1} \mbox{ from stage 3}\smallskip\\ \label{rho3}
+{\rho}_k^* = EOS(T^*_k, S^*_k)
+ & {\rho}_{k,n+1} = EOS(T_{k,n+1}, S_{k,n+1}) \smallskip\\
+\label{p3}
+{p}_k^* = g\sum_{k'=1}^{k-1}
+{\rho}_{k'}^* h_{k'}
++ \frac{1}{2}g{\rho}_{k}^* h_k
+ & {p}_{k,n+1} = g\sum_{k'=1}^{k-1}
+{\rho}_{k',n+1} h_{k',n+1}
++ \frac{1}{2}g{\rho}_{k,n+1}^* h_{k,n+1} \smallskip \\
+h^{edge}_{k,*} = interp(h_{k,*}) &
+h^{edge}_{k,n+1} = interp(h_{k,n+1})
+\end{array}
+\eea
+
+
+%-----------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+\section{Other}
+Check \cite{Leclair_Madec11om}: eqns 17-18 is conservative vs nonconservative schemes. This is the method of vertical advection for us - does it effect our coordinate scheme?
+
+\chapter{Design and Implementation}
+Date last modified: 11/28/2011 \\
+Contributors: Mark, Todd \\
+
+\section{New variables}
+
+\begin{verbatim}
+namelist character vert_grid config_vert_grid_type isopycnal
+ also: 'zlevel', 'zstar', 'ale'
+\end{verbatim}
+$\tau_{lf}$, $\tau_{rest}$, and $\kappa_{hf}$:
+\begin{verbatim}
+namelist real vert_grid config_div_low_freq_time 86400.0
+namelist real vert_grid config_h_restore_time 86400.0
+namelist real vert_grid config_h_diff 1.0e-5
+\end{verbatim}
+note: should config\_h\_diff be in list hmix or vert\_grid?
+
+Arrays for $h^{hf}$, $D^{lf}$, $W$.
+\begin{verbatim}
+var persistent real hHighFreq ( nVertLevels nCells Time ) 2 r hHighFreq state - -
+var persistent real tend_hHighFreq ( nVertLevels nCells Time ) 1 - hHighFreq tend - -
+var persistent real divergenceLowFreq ( nVertLevels nCells Time ) 2 r divergenceLowFreq state - -
+var persistent real tend_divergenceLowFreq ( nVertLevels nCells Time ) 1 - divergenceLowFreq tend - -
+\end{verbatim}
+
+%-----------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+\chapter{Testing}
+Date last modified: 11/28/2011 \\
+Contributors: Mark, Todd \\
+
+Domain: 60km quasiuniform global mesh.\\
+Verify that config\_vert\_grid\_type = zlevel and isopycnal match between trunk and branch.\\
+Verify conservation of tracers (pointwise) and total volume.
+
+Domain: periodic channel with forced internal oscillations, see \cite{Leclair_Madec11om}.\\
+Verify that ${\tilde z}$ produces less vertical mixing than $z*$, as in fig. 6-9.
+
+
+Domain: overflow, see \cite{Adcroft_Campin04om}.
+
+
+
+
+%\bibliographystyle{ametsoc}
+\bibliographystyle{unsrt}
+\bibliography{mpas}
+
+\end{document}
</font>
</pre>