<p><b>kavulich@ucar.edu</b> 2012-04-05 03:27:58 -0600 (Thu, 05 Apr 2012)</p><p>Final copyedit for V3.4. Still some minor formatting to be done before it is finalized.<br>
</p><hr noshade><pre><font color="gray">Modified: trunk/wrf/UsersGuide/users_guide_chap6.doc
===================================================================
--- trunk/wrf/UsersGuide/users_guide_chap6.doc 2012-04-05 03:07:55 UTC (rev 344)
+++ trunk/wrf/UsersGuide/users_guide_chap6.doc 2012-04-05 09:27:58 UTC (rev 345)
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
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W W W W W W W W W 1 = :
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E N b' C? W h : T B K D E > ] ( 9 kY kY kY 9 kY kY kY kY kY kY kY kY kY kY kY kY kY kY kY kY 1 = :
Chapter 6: WRF Data Assimilation
Table of Contents
@@ -19,58 +19,61 @@
Introduction
Data assimilation is the technique by which observations are combined with an NWP product (the first guess or background forecast) and their respective error statistics to provide an improved estimate (the analysis) of the atmospheric (or oceanic, Jovian, etc.) state. Variational (Var) data assimilation achieves this through the iterative minimization of a prescribed cost (or penalty) function. Differences between the analysis and observations/first guess are penalized (damped) according to their perceived error. The difference between three-dimensional (3D-Var) and four-dimensional (4D-Var) data assimilation is the use of a numerical forecast model in the latter.
-The MMM Division of NCAR supports a unified (global/regional, multi-model, 3/4D-Var) model-space data assimilation system (WRFDA) for use by the NCAR staff and collaborators, and is also freely available to the general community, together with further documentation, test results, plans etc., from
the WRFDA web-page HYPERLINK "http://www.mmm.ucar.edu/wrf/users/wrfda/index.html"http://www.mmm.ucar.edu/wrf/users/wrfda/index.html.
+The MMM Division of NCAR supports a unified (global/regional, multi-model, 3/4D-Var) model-space data assimilation system (WRFDA) for use by the NCAR staff and collaborators, and is also freely available to the general community, together with further documentation, test results, plans etc., from the WRFDA web-page (HYPERLINK "http://www.mmm.ucar.edu/wrf/users/wrfda/index.html"http://www.mmm.ucar.edu/wrf/users/wrfda/index.html).
Various components of the WRFDA system are shown in blue in the sketch below, together with their relationship with the rest of the WRF system.
-xb: first guess, either from a previous WRF forecast or from WPS/REAL output.
-xlbc: lateral boundary from WPS/REAL output.
-xa: analysis from the WRFDA data assimilation system.
-xf: WRF forecast output.
-yo: observations processed by OBSPROC
. (note: PREPBUFR input, Radar and Radiance data dont go through OBSPROC)
-B0: background error statistics from generic BE data (CV3) or gen_be.
-R: observational and representative error statistics.
-In this chapter, you will learn how to run the various components of the WRFDA system. For training purposes, you are supplied with a test case, including the following input data: a) observation file (in the format prior to OBSPROC), b) WRF netCDF background file (WPS/REAL output used as a first guess of the analysis), and c) Background error statistics (estimate of errors in the background file). You can download the test dataset from HYPERLINK "http://www.mmm.ucar.edu/wrf/users/wrfda/download/testdata.html"http://www.mmm.ucar.edu/wrf/users/wrfda/download/testdata.html. In your own work, you will have to create all these input files yourself. See the section HYPERLINK \l "_Running_Observation_Preprocessor_1"Running Observation Preprocessor for
creating your observation files. See the section HYPERLINK \l "_Running_gen_be_1"Running gen_be for generating your background error statistics file, if you want to use cv_options=5 or cv_options=6.
-Before using your own data, we suggest that you start by running through the WRFDA- related programs at least once, using the supplied test case. This serves two purposes: First, you can learn how to run the programs with data we have tested ourselves, and second you can test whether your computer is adequate to run the entire modeling system. After you have done the tutorial, you can try running other, more computationally intensive, case studies and experimenting with some of the many namelist variables.
+xb first guess, either from a previous WRF forecast or from WPS/REAL output.
+xlbc lateral boundary from WPS/REAL output.
+xa analysis from the WRFDA data assimilation system.
+xf WRF forecast output.
+yo observations processed by OBSPROC. (note: PREPBUFR i
nput, radar, radiance, and rainfall data dont go through OBSPROC)
+B0 background error statistics from generic BE data (CV3) or gen_be.
+R observational and representative error statistics.
+In this chapter, you will learn how to install and run the various components of the WRFDA system. For training purposes, you are supplied with a test case, including the following input data:
+an observation file (in LITTLE_R format, which must be processed through OBSPROC),
+a netCDF background file (WPS/REAL output, used as the first guess of the analysis), and
+background error statistics (estimate of errors in the background file).
+This tutorial dataset can be downloaded from the WRFDA Users Page ( HYPERLINK "http://www.mmm.ucar.edu/wrf/users/wrfda/download/testdata.html"http://www.mmm.ucar.edu/wrf/users/wrfda/download/testdata.html), and will be described later in more detail. In your own work, however, you will have to create all these input files yourself. See t
he section HYPERLINK \l "_Running_Observation_Preprocessor_1"Running Observation Preprocessor for creating your observation files. See the section HYPERLINK \l "_Running_gen_be_1"Running gen_be for generating your background error statistics file, if you want to use cv_options=5 or cv_options=6.
+Before using your own data, we suggest that you start by running through the WRFDA- related programs using the supplied test case. This serves two purposes: First, you can learn how to run the programs with data we have tested ourselves, and second you can test whether your computer is capable of running the entire modeling system. After you have done the tutorial, you can try running other, more computationally intensive, case studies and experimenting with some of the many namelist variables.
WARNING: It is impossible to test every permutation of computer, compiler, number of processors, case, namelist option, etc. for every WRFDA release. The
namelist options that are supported are indicated in the WRFDA/var/README.namelist, and these are the default options.
Hopefully, our test cases will prepare you for the variety of ways in which you may wish to run your own WRFDA experiments. Please inform us about your experiences.
-As a professional courtesy, we request that you include the following reference in any publication that uses any component of the community WRFDA system:
+As a professional courtesy, we request that you include the following references in any publication that uses any component of the community WRFDA system:
Barker, D.M., W. Huang, Y.R. Guo, and Q.N. Xiao., 2004: A Three-Dimensional (3DVAR) Data Assimilation System For Use With MM5: Implementation and Initial Results. Mon. Wea. Rev., 132, 897-914.
Huang, X.Y., Q. Xiao, D.M. Barker, X. Zhang, J. Michalakes, W. Huang, T. Henderson, J. Bray, Y. Chen, Z. Ma, J. Dudhia, Y. Guo, X. Zhang, D.J. Won, H.C. Lin, and Y.H. Kuo, 2009: Four-Dimens
ional Variational Data Assimilation for WRF: Formulation and Preliminary Results. Mon. Wea. Rev., 137, 299314.
-Running WRFDA requires a Fortran 90 compiler. We have tested the WRFDA on the following platforms: IBM (XLF), SGI Altix (INTEL), PC/Linux (PGI, INTEL, GFORTRAN), and Apple (G95/PGI). Please let us know if this does not meet your requirements, and we will attempt to add other machines to our list of supported architectures, as resources allow. Although we are interested to hear about your experiences in modifying compiler options, we do not recommend making changes to the configure file used to compile WRFDA.
+Running WRFDA requires a Fortran 90 compiler. We have tested the WRFDA on the following platforms: IBM (XLF), SGI Altix (INTEL), PC/Linux (PGI, INTEL, GFORTRAN), and Apple (G95/PGI). Please let us know if this does not meet your requirements, and we will attempt to add other machines to our list of supported architectures, as resources allow. Although we are
interested in hearing about your experiences in modifying compiler options, we do not recommend making changes to the configure file used to compile WRFDA.
Installing WRFDA for 3D-Var Run
Obtaining WRFDA Source Code
Users can download the WRFDA source code from HYPERLINK "http://www.mmm.ucar.edu/wrf/users/wrfda/download/get_source.html"http://www.mmm.ucar.edu/wrf/users/wrfda/download/get_source.html.
-After the tar file is unzipped (gunzip WRFDAV3.4.TAR.gz) and untarred (untar WRFDAV3.4.TAR), the directory WRFDA should be created. This directory contains the WRFDA source, external libraries, and fixed files. The following is a list of the system components and content for each subdirectory:
+Note: WRF compiles with the r4 option while WRFDA compiles with r8. For this reason, WRF and WRFDA cannot reside and be compiled under the same directory.
+After the tar file is unzipped (gunzip WRFDAV3.4.TAR.gz) and untarred (tar -xf WRFDAV3.4.TAR), the directory
WRFDA should be created. This directory contains the WRFDA source, external libraries, and fixed files. The following is a list of the system components and content for each subdirectory:
Directory NameContentvar/daWRFDA source code var/runFixed input files required by WRFDA, such as background error covariance, radiance-related files, CRTM coefficients, radiance_info and VARBC.in.var/external
Library needed by WRFDA, includes CRTM, BUFR, LAPACK, BLASvar/obsprocOBSPROC source code, namelist, and observation error file.var/gen_be
Source code of generated background errorvar/buildBuilds all .exe files.
Compile WRFDA and Libraries
-Starting from V3.1.1, some external libraries (e.g., LAPACK, BLAS, and NCEP BUFR) are included in the WRFDA tar file. To compile the WRFDA code, it is necessary to have installed the netCDF library, which is the only mandatory library if only conventional observational data in LITTLE_R format are to be used.
+Some externa
l libraries (e.g., LAPACK, BLAS, and NCEP BUFR) are included in the WRFDA tar file. To compile the WRFDA code, it is necessary to have installed the netCDF library, which is the only mandatory library if only conventional observational data in LITTLE_R format are to be used.
> setenv NETCDF your_netcdf_path
If observational data in the PREPBUFR format are to be used, the NCEP BUFR library must be compiled, and BUFR-related WRFDA code must be generated and compiled after configure/compile. Do do this, set the environment variable BUFR before configuring:
> setenv BUFR 1
-If satellite radiance data are to be used, in addition to the NCEP BUFR library, a Radiative Transfer Model (RTM) is required. The current RTM versions that WRFDA uses are CRTM V2.0.2 and RTTOV V10. WRFDA can compile with CRTM only, RTTOV only, or both CRTM and RTTOV together.
-Starting from V3.2.1, CRTM V2.0.2 is included in the WRFDA tar file.
-To have the CRTM library compiled and the CRTM-rela
ted WRFDA code generated and compiled after configure/compile, type:
+If satellite radiance data are to be used, in addition to the NCEP BUFR library, a Radiative Transfer Model (RTM) is required. The current RTM versions that WRFDA uses are CRTM V2.0.2 and RTTOV V10. WRFDA can be compiled with either of these, or both together, but note than only one may b e u s e d i n e a c h i n d i v i d u a l r u n .
+ S t a r t i n g w i t h V 3 . 2 . 1 , C R T M V 2 . 0 . 2 i s i n c l u d e d i n t h e W R F D A t a r f i l e .
+ T o h a v e t h e C R T M l i b r a r y c o m p i l e d a n d t h e C R T M - r e l a t e d W R F D A c o d e g e n e r a t e d a n d c o m p i l e d , s e t t h e e n v i r o n m e n t v a r i a b l e C R T M :
+ > s e t e n v C R T M 1
+ I f t h e user wishes to use RTTOV, download and install the RTTOV v10 library before compiling WRFDA. This library can b
e downloaded from HYPERLINK "http://research.metoffice.gov.uk/research/interproj/nwpsaf/rtm" http://research.metoffice.gov.uk/research/interproj/nwpsaf/rtm. After using the RTTOV documentation to compile the library, set the RTTOV environment variable to the path where the lib directory resides. For example, if the library files can be found in /usr/local/rttov10/pgi/lib/librttov10.2.0_*.a, you should set RTTOV as:
- > s e t e n v C R T M 1
- I f R T T O V v 1 0 i s t h e R T M t o b e u s e d f o r r a d i a n c e d a t a a s s i m i l a t i o n , t h e u s e r s h o u l d d o w n l o a d a n d i n s t a l l t h e R T T O V l i b r a r y b e f o r e c o m p i l i n g W R F D A .
-
- R T T O V v 1 0 c a n b e d o w n l o a d e d f r o m h t t p : / / r e s e a r c h . m e t o f f i c e . g o v . u k / r e s e a
r c h / i n t e r p r o j / n w p s a f/rtm
-After following the RTTOV documentation to compile the RTTOV library, set the RTTOV environment variable to the path where lib/librttov10.1.0_*.a reside.
-
-> setenv RTTOV /usr/local/rttov10/pgi (in this example, there should exist /usr/local/rttov10/pgi/lib/librttov10.1.0_*.a)
+> setenv RTTOV /usr/local/rttov10/pgi
Note: Make sure the required libraries were all compiled using the same compiler that will be used to build WRFDA, since the libraries produced by one compiler may not be compatible with code compiled with another.
-Assuming all required libraries are available and the WRFDA source code is ready, start to build the WRFDA using the following steps:
-To configure WRFDA, enter the WRFDA directory and type
+Assuming all required libraries are available and the WRFDA source code is ready, start to build WRFDA using the following steps:
+Set your WRFDA directory as the environment variable WRFDA_DIR. For instance
, if your WRFDAV3 directory was unpacked in /usr/local:
+> setenv WRFDA_DIR /usr/local/WRFDAV3
+To configure WRFDA, enter the WRFDA directory and run the configure script
+> cd $WRFDA_DIR > ./configure wrfda
+A list of configuration options should appear. Each option combines a compiler type and a parallelism option. Since the configuration script doesnt check which compilers are actually installed on your system, be sure to select only among the options that are available on your system. The available parallelism options are a single-processor compilation (serial), shared-memory parallel compilation (smpar), distributed-memory parallel compilation (dmpar), and distributed-memory with shared-memory parallel compilation (sm+dm). For example, on a Macintosh computer, the above steps will look similar to the following:
> ./configure wrfda
-A list of configuration options for your computer should appear. Each option combines a compiler type and a parallelism optio
n. Since the configuration script doesnt check which compilers are actually available, be sure to select only among the options for compilers that are available on your system. The parallelism option allows for a single-processor (serial) compilation, shared-memory parallel (smpar) compilation, distributed-memory parallel (dmpar) compilation and distributed-memory with shared-memory parallel (sm+dm) compilation. For example, on a Macintosh computer, the above steps look similar to the following:
-> ./configure wrfda
checking for perl5... no
checking for perl... found /usr/bin/perl (perl)
Will use NETCDF in dir: /users/noname/work/external/g95/netcdf-3.6.1
@@ -102,11 +105,10 @@
Configuration successful. To build the model type compile .
After running the configuration script and choosing a compilation option, a configure.wrf file will be created. Because of the variety of ways that a computer can be configured, if the WRFDA build ultimately fails, there is a chance that minor modifications to the configure.wrf file may be needed.
-Note: WRF compiles with the r4 option while WRFDA compiles with r8. For this reason, WRF and WRFDA cannot reside and be compiled under the same directory.
Hint: It is helpful to start with something simple, such as the serial build. If it is successful, move on to build dmpar code. Remember to type clean a between each build.
To compile the code, type
> ./compile all_wrfvar >&! compile.out
-Successful compilation of all_wrfvar will produce 43 executables: 42 of which are in the var/build directory and linked in the var/da directory, with the 43rd, obsproc.exe, in the var/obsproc/src directory.
You can list these executables by issuing the command (from the WRFDA directory):
+Successful compilation will produce 43 executables: 42 of which are in the var/build directory and linked in the var/da directory, with the 43rd, obsproc.exe, in the var/obsproc/src directory. You can list these executables by issuing the command:
>ls -l var/build/*exe var/obsproc/src/obsproc.exe
-rwxr-xr-x 1 users 457145 Mar 19 12:18 var/build/da_advance_time.exe
-rwxr-xr-x 1 users 664481 Mar 19 12:18 var/build/da_bias_airmass.exe
@@ -151,31 +153,30 @@
-rwxr-xr-x 1 users 776963 Mar 19 12:27 var/build/gen_be_vertloc.exe
-rwxr-xr-x 1 users 849562 Mar 19 12:27 var/build/gen_mbe_stage2.exe
-rwxr-xr-x 1 users 880049 Mar 19 12:30 var/obsproc/src/obsproc.exe
-The main executable for running WRFDA is da_wrfvar.exe. Make sure it has been created after the compilation. Unfortunately, it is possible that all other utilities may get successfully compiled, while the main da_wrfvar.exe fails; if this occurs, please check the compilation log file carefully to figure out the problem.
+The main executable for running WRFDA is da_wrfvar.exe. Make sure it has been created after the compilation: it is possible that all other utilities may get successfully compiled, while the main da_wrfvar.exe fails. If this occurs, please check the compilation log file carefully for any errors.
The basic gen_be utility for the regional model consists of gen_be_stage0_wrf.exe, gen_be_stage1.exe, gen_be_stage2.exe, gen_be_stage2a.exe, gen_be_stage3.ex
e, gen_be_stage4_regional.exe, and gen_be_diags.exe.
da_updated_bc.exe is used for updating the WRF lower and lateral boundary conditions before and after a new WRFDA analysis is generated.
-da_advance_time.exe is a very handy and useful tool for date/time manipulation. Type var/build/da_advance_time.exe to see its usage instruction.
-In addition to the executables for running WRFDA and gen_be, obsproc.exe (the executable for preparing conventional data for WRFDA) compilation is also included in ./compile all_wrfvar.
-Go to WRFDA/var/external/bufr and WRFDA/var/external/crtm to check if the libbufr.a and libcrtm.a were generated, if you use the BUFR and CRTM libraries.
+da_advance_time.exe is a very handy and useful tool for date/time manipulation. Type $WRFDA_DIR/var/build/da_advance_time.exe to see its usage instruction.
+obsproc.exe is the executable for preparing conventional data for WRFDA.
+If you specified that BUFR or CRTM libraries were needed, check $W
RFDA_DIR/var/external/bufr and $WRFDA_DIR/var/external/crtm to check if the libbufr.a and libcrtm.a were generated.
Clean Compilation
To remove all object files and executables, type:
clean
To remove all build files, including configure.wrfda, type:
clean -a
-The 'clean a' command is recommended if compilation fails or the configuration file is changed.
+The clean a command is recommended if compilation fails or the configuration file is changed.
Installing WRFPLUS and WRFDA for 4D-Var Run
-If you intend to run WRF 4D-Var, it is necessary to have WRFPLUS installed. Since V3.3, we have released a new version of WRFDA and WRFPLUS for 4D-Var. WRFPLUS contains the adjoint and tangent linear models based on a simplified WRF model, which only includes a few simplified physics packages, such as surface drag, large scale condensation and precipitation, cumulus precipitation. Since V3.4, we are able to run WRF 4D-Var parallelly.
+If you intend to run WRF 4D-Var, it is nec
essary to have WRFPLUS installed. WRFPLUS contains the adjoint and tangent linear models based on a simplified WRF model, which only includes a few simplified physics packages, such as surface drag, large scale condensation and precipitation, cumulus precipitation. As of V3.4, WRF 4D-Var can be compiled to be run in parallel.
To install WRFPLUS V3.4:
-Get the WRFPLUS zipped tar file from:
- HYPERLINK "http://www.mmm.ucar.edu/wrf/users/wrfda/download/wrfplus.html"http://www.mmm.ucar.edu/wrf/users/wrfda/download/wrfplus.html
-Unzip and untar the file for WRFPLUS
-> gzip -cd WRFPLUSV3.4.TAR.gz | tar -xf -
+Get the WRFPLUS zipped tar file from HYPERLINK "http://www.mmm.ucar.edu/wrf/users/wrfda/download/wrfplus.html"http://www.mmm.ucar.edu/wrf/users/wrfda/download/wrfplus.html
+Unzip and untar the file for WRFPLUS, then run the configure script
+> gunzip WRFPLUSV3.4.TAR.gz
+> tar -xf WRFPLUSV3.4.TAR
> cd WRFPLUSV3
> ./configure
wrfplus
-serial means single processor
-dmpar means Distributed Memory Parallel (MPI)
-Compile em_real
+As with 3D-Var, serial means single-processor, and dmpar means Distributed Memory Parallel (MPI)
+Compile WRFPLUS
> ./compile em_real
> ls -ls main/*.exe
You should see the following files:
@@ -185,17 +186,16 @@
-rwxr-xr-x 1 user users 22991725 Apr 3 15:22 main/tc.exe
-rwxr-xr-x 1 user users 32785447 Apr 3 15:20 main/wrf.exe
+Finally, set the environment variable WRFPLUS_DIR to the appropriate directory:
+>setenv WRFPLUS_DIR ${your_source_code_dir}/WRFPLUSV3
To install WRFDA for the 4D-Var run:
-Before you install WRFDA to run 4D-Var, the environment variable WRFPLUS_DIR should to be set with,
- >setenv WRFPLUS_DIR ${your_source_code_dir}/WRFPLUSV3
-If you intend to use observational data in the PREPBUFR format, or if you intend to assimilate satellite radiance data, you need to set environment variables for BUFR, CRTM, or RTTOV. This procedure is the same as installing WRFDA for the 3D-Var run.
->./configure 4dvar
-Note: Since V3.4, we are able to compile WRFDA for the 4D-Var run with parallel mode.
->./compile all_wrfvar
->ls -ls var/build/*.exe
-You should see da_wrfvar.exe.
+If you intend to use observational data in the PREPBUFR format, or if you int
end to assimilate satellite radiance data, you need to set environment variables for BUFR, CRTM, and/or RTTOV. See the previous 3D-Var section for instructions.
+>./configure 4dvar >& compile.out
+Note: As of V3.4, WRFDA 4D-Var may be compiled to run in parallel mode.
+>./compile all_wrfvar >ls -ls var/build/*.exe var/obsproc/*.exe
+You should see the same 43 executables as are listed in the above 3D-Var section, including da_wrfvar.exe
Running Observation Preprocessor (OBSPROC)
-The OBSPROC program reads observations in LITTLE_R format (a legendary ASCII format, in use since the MM5 era). The LITTLE_R format is also used in the OBSGRID program. Please refer to the documentation in HYPERLINK "http://www.mmm.ucar.edu/wrf/users/docs/user_guide_V3/users_guide_chap7.htm" \l "format" Chapter 7 of this Users Guide for the LITTLE_R format description. For your applications, you will have to prepare your own observation files. Please see
HYPERLINK "http://www.mmm.ucar.edu/wrf/users/wrfda/download/free_data.html" http://www.mmm.ucar.edu/wrf/users/wrfda/download/free_data.html for the sources of some freely-available observations and the program for converting the observations to the LITTLE_R format, because the raw observation data files have many possible formats, such as ASCII, BUFR, PREPBUFR, MADIS, HDF, etc. Furthermore, for any given format, there may be different versions. To make the WRFDA system as general as possible, the LITTLE_R format was adopted as an intermediate observation data format for the WRFDA system, however, the conversion of the user-specific source data to the LITTLE_R format observation data file is the users task. Some extensions were made in the LITTLE_R format for WRFDA applications. A more complete description of the LITTLE_R format and conventional observation data sources for WRFDA can be found by reading the tutorial found at HYPERLINK "http://www.mmm.uca
r.edu/wrf/users/wrfda/Tutorials/2010_Aug/tutorial_presentation_summer_2010.html" http://www.mmm.ucar.edu/wrf/users/wrfda/Tutorials/2010_Aug/tutorial_presentation_summer_2010.html.
+The OBSPROC program reads observations in LITTLE_R format (a legendary ASCII format, in use since the MM5 era). The LITTLE_R format is also used in the OBSGRID program. Please refer to the documentation in HYPERLINK "http://www.mmm.ucar.edu/wrf/users/docs/user_guide_V3/users_guide_chap7.htm" \l "format" Chapter 7 of this Users Guide for the LITTLE_R format description. For your applications, besides those observations provided for the tutorial case, you will have to prepare your own observation files. Please see HYPERLINK "http://www.mmm.ucar.edu/wrf/users/wrfda/download/free_data.html" http://www.mmm.ucar.edu/wrf/users/wrfda/download/free_data.html for the sources of some freely-available observations. Because the raw observation data files have man
y possible formats, such as ASCII, BUFR, PREPBUFR, MADIS, and HDF, the free data site also contains instructions for converting the observations to LITTLE_R format. To make the WRFDA system as general as possible, the LITTLE_R format was adopted as an intermediate observation data format for the WRFDA system, however, the conversion of the user-specific source data to the LITTLE_R format observation data file is the users task. A more complete description of the LITTLE_R format and conventional observation data sources for WRFDA can be found by reading the tutorial found at HYPERLINK "http://www.mmm.ucar.edu/wrf/users/wrfda/Tutorials/2010_Aug/tutorial_presentation_summer_2010.html" http://www.mmm.ucar.edu/wrf/users/wrfda/Tutorials/2010_Aug/tutorial_presentation_summer_2010.html.
The purposes of OBSPROC are to:
Remove observations outside the specified temporal and spatial domains
Re-order and merge duplicate (in time and location) data reports
@@ -203,20
+203,18 @@
Check multi-level observations for vertical consistency and super adiabats
Assign observational errors based on a pre-specified error file
Write out the observation file to be used by WRFDA in ASCII or BUFR format
-The OBSPROC programobsproc.exeshould be found under the directory WRFDA/var/obsproc/src if compile all_wrfvar completed successfully.
-
-
+The OBSPROC program (obsproc.exe) should be found under the directory $WRFDA_DIR/var/obsproc/src if compile all_wrfvar completed successfully.
a. Prepare observational data for 3D-Var
As an example, to prepare the observation file at the analysis time (0h for 3D-Var), all the observations in the range 1h will be processed, which means that the observations between 23h and 1h are treated as the observations at 0h. This is illustrated in the following figure:
-Before running obsproc.exe, create the required namelist file namelist.obsproc (see WRFDA/var/obsproc/README.namelist, or the section HYPERLINK \l "_
Description_of_Namelist_1"Description of Namelist Variables for details.
-For your reference, an example file named namelist_obsproc.3dvar.wrfvar-tut has already been created in the var/obsproc directory. Thus, proceed as follows.
-> cp namelist.obsproc.3dvar.wrfvar-tut namelist.obsproc
+Before running obsproc.exe, create the required namelist file namelist.obsproc (see $WRFDA_DIR/var/obsproc/README.namelist, or the section HYPERLINK \l "_Description_of_Namelist_1"Description of Namelist Variables for details.
+For your reference, the example file namelist_obsproc.3dvar.wrfvar-tut has been provided in the var/obsproc directory. Thus, proceed as follows.
+> cd $WRFDA_DIR/var/obsproc > cp namelist.obsproc.3dvar.wrfvar-tut namelist.obsproc
Next, edit the namelist file, namelist.obsproc, to accommodate your experiments. You will likely only need to change variables listed under records 1, 2, 6, 7, and 8. See the section HYPERLINK \l "_
Description_of_Namelist_1"Description of Namelist Variables for details; you should pay special attention to NESTIX and NESTJX.
+Note that while the data for the tutorial case is provided in the obsproc directory, your own data may be located elsewhere, so long as its location is properly specified in the namelist.obsproc file.
To run OBSPROC, type
> obsproc.exe >&! obsproc.out
-Once obsproc.exe has completed successfully, you will see an observation data file, obs_gts_2008-02-05_12:00:00.3DVAR, in the obsproc directory. This is the input observation file to WRFDA.
-obs_gts_2008-02-05_12:00:00.3DVAR is an ASCII file that contains a header section (listed below) followed by observations. The meanings and format of observations in the file are described in the last six lines of the header section.
+Once obsproc.exe has completed successfully, you will see an observation data file, with the name formatted obs_gts_YYYY-MM-DD_HH:NN:SS.3DVAR, in the obsproc di
rectory. For the tutorial case, this will be obs_gts_2008-02-05_12:00:00.3DVAR. This is the input observation file to WRFDA. It is an ASCII file that contains a header section (listed below) followed by observations. The meanings and format of observations in the file are described in the last six lines of the header section.
TOTAL = 9066, MISS. =-888888.,
SYNOP = 757, METAR = 2416, SHIP = 145, BUOY = 250, BOGUS = 0, TEMP = 86,
AMDAR = 19, AIREP = 205, TAMDAR= 0, PILOT = 85, SATEM = 106, SATOB = 2556,
@@ -239,51 +237,33 @@
EACH_FMT = (3(F12.3,I4,F7.2),11X,3(F12.3,I4,F7.2),11X,3(F12.3,I4,F7.2))
#------------------------------------------------------------------------------#
observations
-Before running WRFDA, you may find it useful to learn more about various types of data that will be processed to WRFDA (e.g., their geographical distribution). This file is in ASCII format and so you can easily view it. For a graphical view about the file's content, use the MAP_plot utility to see the data distribution for each type of observation. To use this utility, proceed to the MAP_plot directory, then compile by typing make.
-If the build fails, it is likely due to an improper configuration file. By viewing the contents of the MAP_plot directory, you will see we have prepared some configure.user.ibm/OS files (where OS is the type of operating system) for some platforms. When make is typed, the Makefile uses one of them to determine the compiler and compiler option. Modify the Makefile an
d configure.user.xxx to accommodate the complier on your platform, then type make to attempt the compilation again. Successful compilation will produce Map.exe. Note: The successful compilation of Map.exe requires pre-installed NCARG Graphics libraries under $(NCARG_ROOT)/lib.
+Before running WRFDA, you may find it useful to learn more about various types of data that will be processed to WRFDA (e.g., their geographical distribution). This file is in ASCII format and so you can easily view it. For a graphical view of the file's content, use the MAP_plot utility to see the data distribution for each type of observation. To use this utility, proceed to the MAP_plot directory, then compile by typing make.
+If the build fails, it is likely due to an improper configuration file. By viewing the contents of the MAP_plot directory, you will see we have prepared some configure.user.ibm/OS files (where OS is the type of operating system) for some platforms. When make is typ
ed, the Makefile uses one of them to determine the compiler and compiler option. Modify the Makefile and configure.user.xxx to accommodate the complier on your platform, then type make to attempt the compilation again. Successful compilation will produce Map.exe. The following instructions are for the tutorial case, but can easily be configured for your own data by changing the appropriate dates and file names.
+Note: The successful compilation of Map.exe requires pre-installed NCARG Graphics libraries under $(NCARG_ROOT)/lib.
Modify the script Map.csh to set the time window and full path of the input observation file (obs_gts_2008-02-05_12:00:00.3DVAR). You will need to set the following strings in this script as follows:
-Map_plot = /users/noname/WRFDA/var/obsproc/MAP_plot
+Map_plot = $WRFDA_DIR/var/obsproc/MAP_plot
TIME_WINDOW_MIN = 2008020511
TIME_ANALYSIS = 2008020512
TIME_WINDOW_MAX = 2008020513 OBSDATA = ../obs_gts_2008-02-05_12:00:00.3DVAR
Ne
xt, type
> Map.csh
-When the job has completed, you will have a gmeta file, gmeta.{analysis_time}, corresponding to analysis_time=2008020512. This contains plots of data distribution for each type of observation contained in the OBS data file: obs_gts_2008-02-05_12:00:00.3DVAR. To view this, type
+When the job has completed, you will have a gmeta file, gmeta.2008020512. This contains plots of data distribution for each type of observation contained in the OBS data file: obs_gts_2008-02-05_12:00:00.3DVAR. To view this, type
> idt gmeta.2008020512
-It will display (panel by panel) geographical distribution of various types of data. The following graphic shows the geographic distribution of sonde observations for this case.
+It will display a panel-by-panel geographical distribution of various types of data. The following graphic shows the geographic distribution of sonde observations for this case.
-An alternative way to plot the observation is to use the n
cl script: WRFDA/var/graphics/ncl/plot_ob_ascii_loc.ncl. With this method, however, you need to provide the first guess file to the ncl script, and have ncl installed in your system.
-
-
-
+An alternative way to plot the observations is to use the ncl script: $WRFDA_DIR/var/graphics/ncl/plot_ob_ascii_loc.ncl. With this method, however, you need to provide the first guess file to the ncl script, and have ncl installed in your system.
b. Prepare observational data for 4D-Var
-To prepare the observation file, for example, at the analysis time 0h for 4D-Var, all observations from 0h to 6h will be processed and grouped in 7 sub-windows from slot1 to slot7, as illustrated in the following figure:
- NOTE: The Analysis time in the figure below is not the actual analysis time (0h). It indicates the time_analysis setting in the namelist file and is set to three hours later than the actual analysis time. The actual analysis time is still 0h.
+To prepare the observation file, for
example, at the analysis time 0h for 4D-Var, all observations from 0h to 6h will be processed and grouped in 7 sub-windows (slot1 through slot7) as illustrated in the following figure:
-An example file named namelist_obsproc.4dvar.wrfvar-tut has already been created in the var/obsproc directory. Thus, proceed as follows:
-> cp namelist.obsproc.4dvar.wrfvar-tut namelist.obsproc
-In the namelist file, you need to change the following variables to accommodate your experiments. In this test case, the actual analysis time is 2008-02-05_12:00:00, but in the namelist, the time_analysis should be set to 3 hours later. The different value of time_analysis will make the different number of time slots before and after time_analysis. For example, if you set time_analysis = 2008-02-05_16:00:00, and set the num_slots_past = 4 and time_slots_ahead=2. The final results will be the same as before.
-&record1
-obs_gts_filename='obs.2008020512'
-&record2
-
-time_window_min = '
2008-02-05_12:00:00',: The earliest time edge as ccyy-mm-dd_hh:mn:ss
-time_analysis = '2008-02-05_15:00:00', : The analysis time as ccyy-mm-dd_hh:mn:ss
-time_window_max = '2008-02-05_18:00:00',: The latest time edge as ccyy-mm-dd_hh:mn:ss
-&record6,7,8
+NOTE: The Analysis time in the above figure is not the actual analysis time (0h). It indicates the time_analysis setting in the namelist file and is set to three hours later than the actual analysis time. The actual analysis time is still 0h.
+An example file (namelist_obsproc.4dvar.wrfvar-tut) has already been provided in the var/obsproc directory. Thus, proceed as follows:
+> cd $WRFDA_DIR/var/obsproc > cp namelist.obsproc.4dvar.wrfvar-tut namelist.obsproc
+In the namelist file, you need to change the following variables to accommodate your experiments. In this tutorial case, the actual analysis time is 2008-02-05_12:00:00, but in the namelist, the time_analysis should be set to 3 hours later. The different va
lues of time_analysis, num_slots_past, and time_slots_ahead contribute to the actual times analyzed. For example, if you set time_analysis = 2008-02-05_16:00:00, and set the num_slots_past = 4 and time_slots_ahead=2, the final results will be the same as before.
Edit all the domain settings according to your own experiment. You should pay special attention to NESTIX and NESTJX, which is described in the section HYPERLINK \l "_Description_of_Namelist_1"Description of Namelist Variables for details.
-
-&record9
-
-use_for = '4DVAR', ; used for 3D-Var, default
-; num_slots_past and num_slots_ahead are used ONLY for FGAT and 4DVAR:
-num_slots_past = 3, ; the number of time slots before time_analysis
-num_slots_ahead = 3, ; the number of time slots after time_analysis
-
To run OBSPROC, type
- > obsproc.exe >&! obsproc.out
-Once obsproc.exe has completed successfully, you will see 7 observation data files:
+> obsproc.exe >&! obspr
oc.out
+Once obsproc.exe has completed successfully, you will see 7 observation data files, which for the tutorial case are named
obs_gts_2008-02-05_12:00:00.4DVAR
obs_gts_2008-02-05_13:00:00.4DVAR
@@ -292,7 +272,7 @@
obs_gts_2008-02-05_16:00:00.4DVAR
obs_gts_2008-02-05_17:00:00.4DVAR
obs_gts_2008-02-05_18:00:00.4DVAR
-They are the input observation files to WRF 4D-Var. You can also use MAP_Plot to view the geographic distribution of different observations at different time slots.
+They are the input observation files to WRF 4D-Var. As with 3D-Var, you can use MAP_Plot to view the geographic distribution of different observations at different time slots.
Running WRFDA
a. Download Test Data
The WRFDA system requires three input files to run:
@@ -307,39 +287,27 @@
(PREPBUFR also possible) HYPERLINK \l "_Running_Observation_Preprocessor"Observation Preprocessor (OBSPROC)Background Error StatisticsBinary HYPERLINK \l "_Running_gen_be"WRFDA gen_be utility
/Default CV3In the test case, you will store data in a directory defined by the environment variable $DAT_DIR. This directory can be in any location, and it should have read access. Type
> setenv DAT_DIR your_choice_of_dat_dir
-Here, "your_choice_of_dat_dir" is the directory where the WRFDA input data is stored. If it does not exist, create this directory by typing
+Here, your_choice_of_dat_dir is the directory where the WRFDA input data is stored. If it does not exist, create this directory by typing
> mkdir $DAT_DIR
-Download the test data for a Tutorial case, valid at 12 UTC 5th February 2008, from HYPERLINK "http://www.mmm.ucar.edu/wrf/users/wrfda/download/testdata.html"http://www.mmm.ucar.edu/wrf/users/wrfda/
download/testdata.html
-Once you have downloaded the WRFDAV3.4-testdata.tar.gz file to $DAT_DIR, extract it by typing
+Download the test data for a the tutorial case, valid at 12 UTC 5th February 2008, from HYPERLINK "http://www.mmm.ucar.edu/wrf/users/wrfda/download/testdata.html"http://www.mmm.ucar.edu/wrf/users/wrfda/download/testdata.html
+Once you have downloaded the WRFDAV3.4-testdata.tar.gz file to $DAT_DIR, extract it by typing
> gunzip WRFDAV3.4-testdata.tar.gz > tar -xvf WRFDAV3.4-testdata.tar
-Now you should find the following three sub-directories/files under $DAT_DIR
+Now you should find the following four files under $DAT_DIR
ob/2008020512/ob.2008020512 # Observation data in little_r format rc/2008020512/wrfinput_d01 # First guess file rc/2008020512/wrfbdy_d01 # lateral boundary file be/be.dat # Background error file
......
-You should first go through the section Running Observation Preprocessor
(OBSPROC) and have a WRF-3D-Var-ready observation file (obs_gts_2008-02-05_12:00:00.3DVAR) generated in your OBSPROC working directory. You can then copy or move obs_gts_2008-02-05_12:00:00.3DVAR to be in $DAT_DIR/ob/2008020512/ob.ascii.
-If you want to try 4D-Var with Little-R format observations, please go through the section Running Observation Preprocessor (OBSPROC) and have the WRF-4D-Var-ready observation files (obs_gts_2008-02-05_12:00:00.4DVAR,)available. You could copy or move the observation files to $DAT_DIR/ob using following commands:
-
-mv obs_gts_2008-02-05_12:00:00.4DVAR $DAT_DIR/ob/2008020512/ob.ascii+
-mv obs_gts_2008-02-05_13:00:00.4DVAR $DAT_DIR/ob/2008020513/ob.ascii
-mv obs_gts_2008-02-05_14:00:00.4DVAR $DAT_DIR/ob/2008020514/ob.ascii
-mv obs_gts_2008-02-05_15:00:00.4DVAR $DAT_DIR/ob/2008020515/ob.ascii
-mv obs_gts_2008-02-05_16:00:00.4DVAR $DAT_DIR/ob/2008020516/ob.ascii
-mv obs_gts_2008-02-05_17:00:00.4DVAR $DAT_DIR/ob/2008020517/ob
.ascii
-mv obs_gts_2008-02-05_18:00:00.4DVAR $DAT_DIR/ob/2008020518/ob.ascii-
-At this point you have three of the input files (first guess, observation, and background error statistics files in the directory $DAT_DIR) required to run WRFDA, and have successfully downloaded and compiled the WRFDA code. If this is correct, you are ready to learn how to run WRFDA.
+At this point you should have three of the input files (first guess, observations from OBSPROC, and background error statistics files in the directory $DAT_DIR) required to run WRFDA, and have successfully downloaded and compiled the WRFDA code. If this is correct, you are ready to learn how to run WRFDA.
b. Run the Case3D-Var
The data for the tutorial case is valid at 12 UTC 5 February 2008. The first guess comes from the NCEP FNL (Final) Operational Global Analysis data, passed through the WRF-WPS and real programs.
-To run WRF 3D-Var, first create and enter into a working directory (for example, WRFDA/var/t
est/tutorial), and then follow the steps below:
-> cd WRFDA/var/test/tutorial
-> ln -sf WRFDA/run/LANDUSE.TBL ./LANDUSE.TBL
-> ln -sf $DAT_DIR/rc/2008020512/wrfinput_d01 ./fg (link first guess file as fg)
-> ln -sf WRFDA/var/obsproc/obs_gts_2008-02-05_12:00:00.3DVAR ./ob.ascii (link OBSPROC processed observation file as ob.ascii)
-> ln -sf $DAT_DIR/be/be.dat ./be.dat (link background error statistics as be.dat)
-> ln -sf WRFDA/var/da/da_wrfvar.exe ./da_wrfvar.exe (link executable)
+To run WRF 3D-Var, first create and enter into a working directory (for example, $WRFDA_DIR/workdir), and set the environment variable WORK_DIR to this directory (e.g., setenv WORK_DIR $WRFDA_DIR/workdir). Then follow the steps below:
+> cd $WORK_DIR
+> cp $WRFDA_DIR/var/test/tutorial/namelist.input .
+> ln -sf $WRFDA_DIR/run/LANDUSE.TBL .
+> ln -sf $DAT_DIR/rc/2008020512/wrfinput_d01 ./fg
+> ln -sf $WRFDA_DIR/var/obsproc/obs_gts_2008-02-05_12:00:00.3DVAR ./ob.as
cii (note the different name!)
+> ln -sf $DAT_DIR/be/be.dat .
+> ln -sf $WRFDA_DIR/var/da/da_wrfvar.exe .
-If you use the PREPBUFR format data, change the ob_format=1 in &wrfvar3 in namelist.input and link the data as ob.bufr,
-
-> ln -fs $DAT_DIR/ob/2008020512/gds1.t12.prepbufr.nr ob.bufr
-We will begin by editing the file, namelist.input, which is a very basic namelist for running the tutorial test case, which can be found in WRFDA/var/test/tutorial/namelist.input (if you have chosen a different working directory, be sure to copy it there) and is shown below. Only the time and domain settings need to be specified in this case, if we are using the default settings provided in WRFDA/Registry/Registry.wrfvar.
+Now edit the file namelist.input, which is a very basic namelist for the tutorial test case, and is shown below.
&wrfvar1
var4d=false,
print_detail_grad=false,
@@ -449,10 +417,13 @@
/
&perturbation
/
-Once you have changed any necessary namelist variables, run WRF-3DVAR:
+
+No edits should be needed if you are running the tutorial case without radiance data. If you plan to use the PREPBUFR format data, change the ob_format=1 in &wrfvar3 in namelist.input and link the data as ob.bufr,
+
+> ln -fs $DAT_DIR/ob/2008020512/gds1.t12.prepbufr.nr ob.bufr
+Please note: Although WRFDA does not include any physics packages listed in &physics, users still have to keep the namelist options in &physics the same as which in your firstguess (use ncdump h fg to get the physics options the firstguess uses), as the WRFDA I/O utility decides which 4D variables will be output based on the physics options.
+Once you have changed any other necessary namelist variables, run WRFDA 3D-Var:
> da_wrfvar.exe >&! wrfda.log
-Please note: Although WRFDA does not include any physics packages listed in &physics, users still have to keep the nam
elist options in &physics the same as which in your firstguess (use ncdump h fg to get the physics options the firstguess uses), as the WRFDA I/O utility decides which 4D variables will be output based on the physics options.
-
The file wrfda.log (or rsl.out.0000, if run in distributed-memory mode) contains important WRFDA runtime log information. Always check the log after a WRFDA run:
*** VARIATIONAL ANALYSIS ***
DYNAMICS OPTION: Eulerian Mass Coordinate
@@ -578,13 +549,12 @@
VarBC factor used = 1.00000
*** WRF-Var completed successfully ***
-The file namelist.output (which contains the complete namelist settings) will be generated after a successful da_wrfvar.exe run. The settings appearing in namelist.output, but not specified in your namelist.input, are the default values from WRFDA/Registry/Registry.wrfvar.
+The file namelist.output (which contains the complete namelist settings) will be generated after a successful run of da_wrfvar.exe. The settings appearing in namelist.output, but not specified in your namelist.input, are the default values from $WRFDA_DIR/Registry/Registry.wrfvar.
After successful completion, wrfvar_output (the WRFDA analysis file, i.e. the new initial condition for WRF) should appear in the working directory along with a number of diagnostic files. Various text diagnostics output files will be explained in the next section ( HYPERLINK \l "_WRF-Var_Diagnostics_1"WRFDA Diagnostics
).
To understand the role of various important WRFDA options, try re-running WRFDA by changing different namelist options. For example, try making the WRFDA convergence criterion more stringent. This is achieved by reducing the value of EPS to e.g. 0.0001 by adding "EPS=0.0001" in the namelist.input record &wrfvar6. See the section (HYPERLINK \l "_Additional_WRFDA_Exercises:_1"WRFDA additional exercises) for more namelist options.
c. Run the Case4D-Var
-To run WRF 4D-Var, first create and enter a working directory, such as WRFDA/var/test/4dvar.
-Note: If you want to set up your own directories to run 4D-Var, please make sure you follow the linkages and namelist.input under WRFDA/var/test/4dvar.
-Assume the analysis date is 2008020512 and the test data directories are:
+To run WRF 4D-Var, first create and enter a working directory, such as $WRFDA_DIR/workdir. Set the WORK_DIR environment variable (e.g. setenv WORK_DIR $WRFDA_DIR/workdir)
+
For the tutorial case, the analysis date is 2008020512 and the test data directories are:
> setenv DAT_DIR {directory where data is stored}
> ls lr $DAT_DIR
ob/2008020512
@@ -596,15 +566,12 @@
ob/2008020518
rc/2008020512
be
-Note: WRFDA 4D-Var is able to assimilate conventional observational data, satellite radiance BUFR data, radar data, and the input data format can be PREPBUFR format data or observation data, processed by OBSPROC.
-Assume the working directory is:
-> setenv WORK_DIR $WRFDA_DIR/var/test/4dvar
-Then follow the steps below:
+Note: WRFDA 4D-Var is able to assimilate conventional observational data, satellite radiance BUFR data, radar data, and precipitation data. The input data format can be PREPBUFR format data or observation data, processed by OBSPROC.
+Now follow the steps below:
1) Link the executables.
> cd $WORK_DIR
> ln -fs $WRFDA_DIR/var/da/da_wrfvar.exe .
-
-2) Link the observational data, first guess, BE and LANDUSE.TBL, etc..
+2) Link the observational data, first guess, BE and LANDUSE.TBL, etc.
> ln -fs $DAT_DIR/ob/2008020512/ob.ascii+ ob01.ascii
> ln -fs $DAT_DIR/ob/2008020513/ob.ascii ob02.ascii
> ln -fs $
DAT_DIR/ob/2008020514/ob.ascii ob03.ascii
@@ -618,33 +585,31 @@
> ln -fs wrfinput_d01 fg
> ln -fs $DAT_DIR/be/be.dat .
-> ln -fs WRFDA/run/LANDUSE.TBL ./LANDUSE.TBL
-> ln -fs WRFDA/run/GENPARM.TBL ./GENPARM.TBL
-> ln -fs WRFDA/run/SOILPARM.TBL ./SOILPARM.TBL
-> ln -fs WRFDA/run/VEGPARM.TBL ./VEGPARM.TBL
-> ln fs WRFDA/run/RRTM_DATA_DBL RRTM_DATA
+> ln -fs $WRFDA_DIR/run/LANDUSE.TBL .
+> ln -fs $WRFDA_DIR/run/GENPARM.TBL .
+> ln -fs $WRFDA_DIR/run/SOILPARM.TBL .
+> ln -fs $WRFDA_DIR/run/VEGPARM.TBL .
+> ln fs $WRFDA_DIR/run/RRTM_DATA_DBL RRTM_DATA
+3) Copy the sample namelist
+> cp $WRFDA_DIR/var/test/4dvar/namelist.input .
+4) Edit necessary namelist variables, link optional files
+Starting with V3.4, WRFDA 4D-Var has the capability to consider lateral boundary conditions as control variables as well during minimization. The namelist variable var4d_lbc=true turns on this capability. To enable this option, WRF 4D-Var needs not only the first guess at the beginning of the time window, but also th
e first guess at the end of the time window.
-From the V3.4, WRF 4D-Var has the capability to consider lateral boundary conditions as control variables as well during minimization. The namelist variable var4d_lbc=true turns on this capability. Therefore, WRF 4D-Var needs not only the first guess at the beginning of the time window, but also the first guess at the end of the time window.
-
> ln -fs $DAT_DIR/rc/2008020518/wrfinput_d01 fg02
Please note: For WRFDA beginner, please dont use this option before you have a good understanding of the 4D-Var lateral boundary conditions control. To disable this feature, make sure var4d_lbc in namelist.input is set to false.
-If you use PREPBUFR format data, please change the ob_format=1 in &wrfvar3 in namelist.input and link the data as ob.bufr,
+If you use PREPBUFR format data, set ob_format=1 in &wrfvar3 in namelist.input. Because 12UTC PREPBUFR data only includes the data from 9UTC to 15UTC, for 4D-Var you should
include 18UTC PREPBUFR data as well:
-> ln -fs $DAT_DIR/ob/2008020512/gds1.t12.prepbufr.nr ob.bufr
-
-Because 12UTC PREPBUFR data only includes the data from 9UTC to 15UTC, so usually, you should inlcude 18UTC PREPBUFR data as well for 4D-Var,
-
> ln -fs $DAT_DIR/ob/2008020512/gds1.t12.prepbufr.nr ob01.bufr
> ln -fs $DAT_DIR/ob/2008020518/gds1.t18.prepbufr.nr ob02.bufr
-Note: NCEP BUFR files downloaded from NCEPs public ftp server ftp://ftp.ncep.noaa.gov/pub/data/nccf/com/gfs/prod/gdas.${yyyymmddhh} are Fortran-blocked on a big-endian machine and can be directly used on big-endian machines (for example, IBM). For most Linux clusters with Intel platforms, users need to download the byte-swapping code ssrc.c ( HYPERLINK "http://www.dtcenter.org/com-GSI/users/support/faqs/index.php"http://www.dtcenter.org/com-GSI/users/support/faqs/index.php, and the C code ssrc.c, located in the /utils directory of the GSI distribution). This code will conver
t a prepbufr file generated on an IBM platform to a prepbufr file that can be read on a Linux or Intel Mac platform. Compile ssrc.c with any c compiler (e.g., gcc -o ssrc.exe ssrc.c). To convert an IBM prepbufr file, take the executable (e.g. ssrc.exe), and run it as follows:
-
-ssrc.exe <name of Big Endian prepbufr file> name of Little Endian prepbufr file
-3) Run WRF 4D-Var ( From V3.4, parallel run is supported)
-Edit $WORK_DIR/namelist.input to match your experiment settings. The most important namelist variables related to 4D-Var are listed below. Please refer to README.namelist under the WRFDA/var directory. Common mistakes users always make are in the time information setting of 4D-Var run. The rules are: analysis_date, time_window_min and start_xxx in &time_control should always be kept the same; time_window_max and end_xxx should always be kept the same; run_hours is the difference between start_xxx and end_xxx, which is the length of the 4D-Var time win
dow.
+Note: NCEP BUFR files downloaded from NCEPs public ftp server (ftp://ftp.ncep.noaa.gov/pub/data/nccf/com/gfs/prod/gdas.${yyyymmddhh}) are Fortran-blocked on a big-endian machine and can be directly used on big-endian machines (for example, IBM). For most Linux clusters with Intel platforms, users need to download the byte-swapping code ssrc.c ( HYPERLINK "http://www.dtcenter.org/com-GSI/users/support/faqs/index.php"http://www.dtcenter.org/com-GSI/users/support/faqs/index.php). The C code ssrc.c is located in the /utils directory of the GSI distribution. This code will convert a prepbufr file generated on an IBM platform to a prepbufr file that can be read on a Linux or Intel Mac platform. Compile ssrc.c with any c compiler (e.g., gcc -o ssrc.exe ssrc.c). To convert an IBM prepbufr file, take the executable (e.g. ssrc.exe), and run it as follows:
+ssrc.exe <Big Endian prepbufr file> Little Endian prepbufr file
+
+Edit $WORK_DIR/namelist.input to
match your experiment settings. The most important namelist variables related to 4D-Var are listed below. Please refer to README.namelist under the $WRFDA_DIR/var directory. Common mistakes users make are in the time information settings. The rules are: analysis_date, time_window_min and start_xxx in &time_control should always be equal to each other; time_window_max and end_xxx should always be equal to each other; and run_hours is the difference between start_xxx and end_xxx, which is the length of the 4D-Var time window.
+
&wrfvar1
var4d=true,
var4d_lbc=false,
@@ -678,51 +643,49 @@
/
-
+5) Run WRF 4D-Var
> cd $WORK_DIR
> ./da_wrfvar.exe >&! wrfda.log
-Please note: If you turn on the lateral boundary conditions control (var4d_lbc=true), in addition to the analysis at the beginning of the time window will be generated (wrfvar_output), the analysis at the end of the time window will also be generated as filename-ana02, which will be used in subsequent updating boundary conditions before forecast.
-Radiance Data Assimilations in WRFDA
+Please note: If you utilize the lateral boundary conditions option (var4d_lbc=true), in addition to the analysis at the beginning of the time window (wrfvar_output), the analysis at the end of the time window will also be generated as ana02, which will be used in subsequent updating of boundary conditions before the forecast.
+Radiance Data Assimilation in WRFDA
This section gives a brief description for various aspects related to radiance assimilation in WRFDA. Each aspect is described mainly from t
he viewpoint of usage, rather than more technical and scientific details, which will appear in a separate technical report and scientific paper. Namelist parameters controlling different aspects of radiance assimilation will be detailed in the following sections. It should be noted that this section does not cover general aspects of the WRFDA assimilation. These can be found in other sections of chapter 6 of this users guide, or other WRFDA documentation.
a. Running WRFDA with radiances
-In addition to the basic input files (LANDUSE.TBL, fg, ob.ascii, be.dat) mentioned in the HYPERLINK \l "_Running_WRF-Var_1"Running WRFDA section, the following additional files are required for radiances: radiance data in NCEP BUFR format, radiance_info files, VARBC.in, RTM (CRTM or RTTOV) coefficient files.
+In addition to the basic input files (LANDUSE.TBL, fg, ob.ascii, be.dat) mentioned in the HYPERLINK \l "_Running_WRF-Var_1"Running WRFDA secti
on, the following additional files are required for radiances: radiance data in NCEP BUFR format, radiance_info files, VARBC.in, and RTM (CRTM or RTTOV) coefficient files.
Edit namelist.input (Pay special attention to &wrfvar4, &wrfvar14, &wrfvar21, and &wrfvar22 for radiance-related options. A very basic namelist.input for running the radiance test case is provided in WRFDA/var/test/radiance/namelist.input)
-> ln -sf ${DAT_DIR}/gdas1.t00z.1bamua.tm00.bufr_d ./amsua.bufr
-> ln -sf ${DAT_DIR}/gdas1.t00z.1bamub.tm00.bufr_d ./amsub.bufr
-> ln -sf WRFDA/var/run/radiance_info ./radiance_info # (radiance_info is a directory)
-> ln -sf WRFDA/var/run/VARBC.in ./VARBC.in
+> ln -sf $DAT_DIR/gdas1.t00z.1bamua.tm00.bufr_d ./amsua.bufr
+> ln -sf $DAT_DIR/gdas1.t00z.1bamub.tm00.bufr_d ./amsub.bufr
+> ln -sf $WRFDA_DIR/var/run/radiance_info ./radiance_info # (radiance_info is a directory)
+> ln -sf $WRFDA_DIR/var/run/VARBC.in ./VA
RBC.in
(CRTM only) > ln -sf WRFDA/var/run/crtm_coeffs ./crtm_coeffs #(crtm_coeffs is a directory)
-(RTTOV only) > ln -sf your_path/rtcoef_rttov10/rttov7pred51L ./rttov_coeffs # (rttov_coeffs is a directory)
+(RTTOV only) > ln -sf your_RTTOV_path/rtcoef_rttov10/rttov7pred51L ./rttov_coeffs # (rttov_coeffs is a directory)
+See the following sections for more details on each aspect of radiance assimilation.
-
-See the following sections for more details on each aspect.
-
b. Radiance Data Ingest
-Currently, the ingest interface for NCEP BUFR radiance data is implemented in WRFDA. The radiance data are available through NCEPs public ftp server ftp://ftp.ncep.noaa.gov/pub/data/nccf/com/gfs/prod/gdas.${yyyymmddhh} in near real-time (with a 6-hour delay) and can meet requirements for both research purposes and some real-time applications.
+Currently, the ingest interface for NCEP BUFR radiance data is implemented in WRFDA. The radiance data are av
ailable through NCEPs public ftp server (ftp://ftp.ncep.noaa.gov/pub/data/nccf/com/gfs/prod/gdas.${yyyymmddhh}) in near real-time (with a 6-hour delay) and can meet requirements for both research purposes and some real-time applications.
-So far, WRFDA can read data from the NOAA ATOVS instruments (HIRS, AMSU-A, AMSU-B and MHS), the EOS Aqua instruments (AIRS, AMSU-A) and DMSP instruments (SSMIS). Note that NCEP radiance BUFR files are separated by instrument names (i.e., each file for one type of instrument), and each file contains global radiance (generally converted to brightness temperature) within a 6-hour assimilation window, from multi-platforms. For running WRFDA, users need to rename NCEP corresponding BUFR files (table 1) to hirs3.bufr (including HIRS data from NOAA-15/16/17), hirs4.bufr (including HIRS data from NOAA-18/19, METOP-2), amsua.bufr (including AMSU-A data from NOAA-15/16/18/19, METOP-2), amsub.bufr (including AMSU-B data from NOAA-15/16/17), mhs.buf
r (including MHS data from NOAA-18/19 and METOP-2), airs.bufr (including AIRS and AMSU-A data from EOS-AQUA) and ssmis.bufr (SSMIS data from DMSP-16, AFWA provided) for WRFDA filename convention. Note that the airs.bufr file contains not only AIRS data but also AMSU-A, which is collocated with AIRS pixels (1 AMSU-A pixels collocated with 9 AIRS pixels). Users must place these files in the working directory where the WRFDA executable is run. It should also be mentioned that WRFDA reads these BUFR radiance files directly without the use of any separate pre-processing program. All processing of radiance data, such as quality control, thinning, bias correction, etc., is carried out inside WRFDA. This is different from conventional observation assimilation, which requires a pre-processing package (OBSPROC) to generate WRFDA readable ASCII files. For reading the radiance BUFR files, WRFDA must be compiled with the NCEP BUFR library (see http://www.nco.ncep.noaa.gov/sib/decoders/BU
FRLIB/).
+As of Version 3.4, WRFDA can read data from the NOAA ATOVS instruments (HIRS, AMSU-A, AMSU-B and MHS), the EOS Aqua instruments (AIRS, AMSU-A) and DMSP instruments (SSMIS). Note that NCEP radiance BUFR files are separated by instrument names (i.e., one file for each type of instrument), and each file contains global radiance (generally converted to brightness temperature) within a 6-hour assimilation window, from multi-platforms. For running WRFDA, users need to rename NCEP corresponding BUFR files (table 1) to hirs3.bufr (including HIRS data from NOAA-15/16/17), hirs4.bufr (including HIRS data from NOAA-18/19, METOP-2), amsua.bufr (including AMSU-A data from NOAA-15/16/18/19, METOP-2), amsub.bufr (including AMSU-B data from NOAA-15/16/17), mhs.bufr (including MHS data from NOAA-18/19 and METOP-2), airs.bufr (including AIRS and AMSU-A data from EOS-AQUA) and ssmis.bufr (SSMIS data from DMSP-16, AFWA provided) for WRFDA filename convention. Note that the airs.bufr f
ile contains not only AIRS data but also AMSU-A, which is collocated with AIRS pixels (1 AMSU-A pixel collocated with 9 AIRS pixels). Users must place these files in the working directory where the WRFDA executable is run. It should also be mentioned that WRFDA reads these BUFR radiance files directly without the use of any separate pre-processing program. All processing of radiance data, such as quality control, thinning, bias correction, etc., is carried out within WRFDA. This is different from conventional observation assimilation, which requires a pre-processing package (OBSPROC) to generate WRFDA readable ASCII files. For reading the radiance BUFR files, WRFDA must be compiled with the NCEP BUFR library (see HYPERLINK "http://www.nco.ncep.noaa.gov/sib/decoders/BUFRLIB/" http://www.nco.ncep.noaa.gov/sib/decoders/BUFRLIB/).
Table 1: NCEP and WRFDA radiance BUFR file naming convention
+
NCEP BUFR file namesWRFDA naming conventiongdas1.t00z.1bamua.tm00.
bufr_damsua.bufrgdas1.t00z.1bamub.tm00.bufr_damsub.bufrgdas1.t00z.1bhrs3.tm00.bufr_dhirs3.bufrgdas1.t00z.1bhrs4.tm00.bufr_dhirs4.bufrgdas1.t00z.1bmhs.tm00.bufr_dmhs.bufrgdas1.t00z.airsev.tm00.bufr_dairs.bufr
Namelist parameters are used to control the reading of corresponding BUFR files into WRFDA. For instance, USE_AMSUAOBS, USE_AMSUBOBS, USE_HIRS3OBS, USE_HIRS4OBS, USE_MHSOBS, USE_AIRSOBS, USE_EOS_AMSUAOBS and USE_SSMISOBS control whether or not the respective file is read. These are logical parameters that are assigned to .FALSE. by default; therefore they must be set to .TRUE. to read the respective observation file. Also note that these parameters only control whether the data is read, not whether the data included in the files is to be assimilated. This is controlled by other namelist parameters explained in the next section.
-NCEP BUFR files downloaded from NCEPs public ftp server ftp://ftp.ncep.noaa.gov/pub/data/nccf/com/gfs/prod/gdas.${yyyymmdd
hh} are Fortran-blocked on a big-endian machine and can be directly used on big-endian machines (for example, IBM). For most Linux clusters with Intel platforms, users need to download the byte-swapping code ssrc.c ( HYPERLINK "http://www.dtcenter.org/com-GSI/users/support/faqs/index.php"http://www.dtcenter.org/com-GSI/users/support/faqs/index.php. The C code ssrc.c is located in the /utils directory of the GSI distribution), and this code will convert a prepbufr file generated on an IBM platofrm to a prepbufr file that can be read on a Linux or Intel Mac platform. Compile ssrc.c with any c compiler (e.g., gcc -o ssrc.exe ssrc.c). To convert an IBM prepbufr file, take the executable (e.g. ssrc.exe), and run it as follows,
-ssrc.exe <name of Big Endian prepbufr file> name of Little Endian prepbufr file
+NCEP BUFR files downloaded from NCEPs public ftp server (ftp://ftp.ncep.noaa.gov/pub/data/nccf/com/gfs/prod/gdas.${yyyymmddhh}) are Fortran-blocked on
a big-endian machine and can be directly used on big-endian machines (for example, IBM). For most Linux clusters with Intel platforms, users need to download the byte-swapping code ssrc.c ( HYPERLINK "http://www.dtcenter.org/com-GSI/users/support/faqs/index.php"http://www.dtcenter.org/com-GSI/users/support/faqs/index.php). The C code ssrc.c is located in the /utils directory of the GSI distribution, and will convert a PREPBUFR file generated on an IBM platform to a PREPBUFR file that can be read on a Linux or Intel Mac platform. Compile ssrc.c with any c compiler (e.g., gcc -o ssrc.exe ssrc.c). To convert an IBM PREPBUFR file, take the executable (e.g. ssrc.exe), and run it as follows:
+ssrc.exe < Big Endian prepbufr file> Little Endian prepbufr file
-
c. Radiative Transfer Model
-The core component for direct radiance assimilation is to incorporate a radiative transfer model (RTM, should be accurate, yet fast) into the WRFDA system as one part
of observation operators. Two widely used RTMs in the NWP community, RTTOV (developed by EUMETSAT in Europe), and CRTM (developed by the Joint Center for Satellite Data Assimilation (JCSDA) in US), are already implemented in the WRFDA system with a flexible and consistent user interface. Selectionof which RTM to use is controlled by a simple namelist parameter RTM_OPTION (1 for RTTOV, the default, and 2 for CRTM). WRFDA is designed to be able to compile with only one of two RTM libraries, or without RTM libraries (for those not interested in radiance assimilation), by the definition of environment variables CRTM and RTTOV (see the Installing WRFDA section).
+The core component for direct radiance assimilation is to incorporate a radiative transfer model (RTM) into the WRFDA system as one part of observation operators. Two widely used RTMs in the NWP community, RTTOV (developed by EUMETSAT in Europe), and CRTM (developed by the Joint Center for Satellite Data Assimilati
on (JCSDA) in US), are already implemented in the WRFDA system with a flexible and consistent user interface. WRFDA is designed to be able to compile with any combination of the two RTM libraries, or without RTM libraries (for those not interested in radiance assimilation), by the definition of environment variables CRTM and RTTOV (see the Installing WRFDA section). Note, however, that at runtime the user must select one of the two or neither, via the namelist parameter RTM_OPTION (1 for RTTOV, the default, and 2 for CRTM).
-Both RTMs can calculate radiances for almost all available instruments aboard various satellite platforms in orbit. An important feature of the WRFDA design is that all data structures related to radiance assimilation are dynamically allocated during running time, according to a simple namelist setup. The instruments to be assimilated are controlled at run-time by four integer namelist parameters: RTMINIT_NSENSOR (the total number of sensors to b
e assimilated), RTMINIT_PLATFORM (the platforms IDs array to be assimilated with dimension RTMINIT_NSENSOR, e.g., 1 for NOAA, 9 for EOS, 10 for METOP and 2 for DMSP), RTMINIT_SATID (satellite IDs array) and RTMINIT_SENSOR (sensor IDs array, e.g., 0 for HIRS, 3 for AMSU-A, 4 for AMSU-B, 15 for MHS, 10 for SSMIS, 11 for AIRS). For instance, the configuration for assimilating 12 sensors from 7 satellites (what WRFDA can assimilate currently) will be
+Both RTMs can calculate radiances for almost all available instruments aboard the various satellite platforms in orbit. An important feature of the WRFDA design is that all data structures related to radiance assimilation are dynamically allocated during running time, according to a simple namelist setup. The instruments to be assimilated are controlled at run-time by four integer namelist parameters: RTMINIT_NSENSOR (the total number of sensors to be assimilated), RTMINIT_PLATFORM (the platforms IDs array to be assimilated with di
mension RTMINIT_NSENSOR, e.g., 1 for NOAA, 9 for EOS, 10 for METOP and 2 for DMSP), RTMINIT_SATID (satellite IDs array) and RTMINIT_SENSOR (sensor IDs array, e.g., 0 for HIRS, 3 for AMSU-A, 4 for AMSU-B, 15 for MHS, 10 for SSMIS, 11 for AIRS). For example, the configuration for assimilating 12 sensors from 7 satellites (all that WRFDA can currently assimilate) will be
RTMINIT_NSENSOR = 12 14 # 6 AMSUA; 3 AMSUB; 3 MHS; 1 AIRS; 1 SSMIS
RTMINIT_PLATFORM = 1, 1, 1, 1,9,10,,1, 1, 1, 1, 1,10, 9, 2
@@ -730,43 +693,40 @@
RTMINIT_SENSOR = 3, 3, 3, 3,3, 3, 4, 4, 4,15,15,15, 11,10
The instrument triplets (platform, satellite, and sensor ID) in the namelist can be ranked in any order. More detail about the convention of instrument triples can be found on the web page HYPERLINK "http://research.metoffice.gov.uk/research/interproj/nwpsaf/rtm/rttov_description.html"http://research.metoffice.gov.uk/research/interproj/nwpsaf/rtm/rttov_description.html
- HYPERLINK "http://research.metoffice.gov.uk/research/interproj/nwpsaf/rtm/rttov_description.html"or in tables 2 and 3 in the RTTOV v10 Users Guide (http://research.metoffice.gov.uk/research/interproj/nwpsaf/rtm/docs_rttov10/users_guide_10_v1.3.pdf )
+ HYPERLINK "http://research.metoffice.gov.uk/research/interproj/nwpsaf/rtm/rttov_description.html"or in tables 2 and 3 in the RTTOV v10 Users Guide ( HYPERLINK "http://research.metoffice.gov.uk/research/interproj/nwpsaf/rtm/docs_rttov10/users_guide_
10_v1.5.pdf" research.metoffice.gov.uk/research/interproj/nwpsaf/rtm/docs_rttov10/users_guide_10_v1.5.pdf)
-CRTM uses a different instrument-naming method. A convert routine inside WRFDA is already created to make CRTM use the same instrument triplet as RTTOV, such that the user interface remains the same for RTTOV and CRTM.
+CRTM uses a different instrument-naming method, however, a conversion routine inside WRFDA is implemented such that the user interface remains the same for RTTOV and CRTM, using the same instrument triplet for both.
-When running WRFDA with radiance assimilation switched on (RTTOV or CRTM), a set of RTM coefficient files need to be loaded. For the RTTOV option, RTTOV coefficient files are to be copied or linked to a sub-directory rttov_coeffs under the working directory. For the CRTM option, CRTM coefficient files are to be copied or linked to a sub-directory crtm_coeffs under the working directory. Only coefficients listed in the namel
ist are needed. Potentially WRFDA can assimilate all sensors as long as the corresponding coefficient files are provided with RTTOV and CRTM. In addition, necessary developments on the corresponding data interface, quality control, and bias correction are also important to make radiance data assimilate properly; however, a modular design of radiance relevant routines already facilitates the addition of more instruments in WRFDA.
+When running WRFDA with radiance assimilation switched on, a set of RTM coefficient files need to be loaded. For the RTTOV option, RTTOV coefficient files are to be copied or linked to a sub-directory rttov_coeffs/ under the working directory. For the CRTM option, CRTM coefficient files are to be copied or linked to a sub-directory crtm_coeffs/ under the working directory. Only coefficients listed in the namelist are needed. Potentially WRFDA can assimilate all sensors as long as the corresponding coefficient files are provided. In addition, necessa
ry developments on the corresponding data interface, quality control, and bias correction are important to make radiance data assimilate properly; however, a modular design of radiance relevant routines already facilitates the addition of more instruments in WRFDA.
-The RTTOV package is not distributed with WRFDA, due to licensing and supporting issues. Users need to follow the instructions
- on HYPERLINK "http://research.metoffice.gov.uk/research/interproj/nwpsaf/rtm"http://research.metoffice.gov.uk/research/interproj/nwpsaf/rtm to download the RTTOV source code and supplement coefficient files and the emissivity atlas dataset. Since WRFDA V3.3, only RTTOV v10 can be used in WRFDA.
+The RTTOV package is not distributed with WRFDA, due to licensing and supporting issues. Users need to follow the instructions at HYPERLINK "http://research.metoffice.gov.uk/research/interproj/nwpsaf/rtm"http://research.metoffice.gov.uk/research/interproj/nwpsaf/rt
m to download the RTTOV source code and supplement coefficient files and the emissivity atlas dataset. Starting with version 3.3, only RTTOV v10 can be used in WRFDA.
-Since V3.2.1, the CRTM package is distributed with WRFDA, which is located in WRFDA/var/external/crtm. The CRTM code in WRFDA is basically the same as the source code that users can download from the the following link:
-ftp://ftp.emc.ncep.noaa.gov/jcsda/CRTM.
+Since V3.2.1, the CRTM package is distributed with WRFDA, which is located in $WRFDA_DIR/var/external/crtm. The CRTM code in WRFDA is basically the same as the source code that users can download from HYPERLINK "ftp://ftp.emc.ncep.noaa.gov/jcsda/CRTM" ftp://ftp.emc.ncep.noaa.gov/jcsda/CRTM.
-
d. Channel Selection
-Channel selection in WRFDA is controlled by radiance info files, located in the sub-directory radiance_info, under the working directory. These files are separated by satellites and sensors; e.g., noaa-15-amsua.info,
noaa-16-amsub.info, dmsp-16-ssmis.info and so on. Examples of 5 channels from noaa-15-amsub.info is shown below. The fourth column is used by WRFDA to control when to use a corresponding channel. Channels with the value -1 in the fourth column indicate that the channel is not assimilated, while the value 1 means assimilated. The sixth column is used by WRFDA to set the observation error for each channel. Other columns are not used by WRFDA. It should be mentioned that these error values might not necessarily be optimal for your applications. It is the users responsibility to obtain the optimal error statistics for his/her own applications.
+Channel selection in WRFDA is controlled by radiance info files, located in the sub-directory radiance_info, under the working directory. These files are separated by satellites and sensors; e.g., noaa-15-amsua.info, noaa-16-amsub.info, dmsp-16-ssmis.info and so on. An example of 5 channels from noaa-15-amsub.info is shown bel
ow. The fourth column is used by WRFDA to control when to use a corresponding channel. Channels with the value -1 in the fourth column indicate that the channel is not assimilated, while the value 1 means assimilated. The sixth column is used by WRFDA to set the observation error for each channel. Other columns are not used by WRFDA. It should be mentioned that these error values might not necessarily be optimal for your applications. It is the users responsibility to obtain the optimal error statistics for his/her own applications.
- Sensor channel IR/MW use idum varch polarization(0:vertical;1:horizontal)
+Sensor channel IR/MW use idum varch polarization (0:vertical;1:horizontal)
-415 1 1 -1 0 0.5500000000E+01 0.0000000000E+00
-415 2 1 -1 0 0.3750000000E+01 0.0000000000E+00
-415 3 1 1 0 0.3500000000E+01 0.0000000000E+00
-415 4 1 -1 0 0.3200000000E+01 0.0000000000E+00
-415 5 1 1 0 0.250
0000000E+01 0.0000000000E+00
+415 1 1 -1 0 0.5500000000E+01 0.0000000000E+00
+415 2 1 -1 0 0.3750000000E+01 0.0000000000E+00
+415 3 1 1 0 0.3500000000E+01 0.0000000000E+00
+415 4 1 -1 0 0.3200000000E+01 0.0000000000E+00
+415 5 1 1 0 0.2500000000E+01 0.0000000000E+00
e. Bias Correction
-Satellite radiance is generally considered to be biased with respect to a reference (e.g., background or analysis field in NWP assimilation) due to a system error of the observation itself, the reference field, and RTM. Bias correction is a necessary step prior to assimilating radiance data. There are two ways of performing bias correction in WRFDA. One is based on the Harris and Kelly (2001) method, and is carried out using a set of coefficient files pre-calculated with an off-line statistics package, which will apply to a training dataset for a month-long period. The other is Variational Bias Correction (VarBC). Only VarBC is introduced here, and recommended for users because of i
ts relative simplicity in usage.
+Satellite radiance is generally considered to be biased with respect to a reference (e.g., background or analysis field in NWP assimilation) due to systematic error of the observation itself, the reference field, and RTM. Bias correction is a necessary step prior to assimilating radiance data. There are two ways of performing bias correction in WRFDA. One is based on the Harris and Kelly (2001) method, and is carried out using a set of coefficient files pre-calculated with an off-line statistics package, which was applied to a training dataset for a month-long period. The other is Variational Bias Correction (VarBC). Only VarBC is introduced here, and recommended for users because of its relative simplicity in usage.
f. Variational Bias Correction
Getting started with VarBC
-To use VarBC, set the namelist option USE_VARBC to TRUE and have the VARBC.in file in the working directory. VARBC.in is a VarBC setup file in ASCII format. A te
mplate is provided with the WRFDA package (WRFDA/var/run/VARBC.in).
+To use VarBC, set the namelist option USE_VARBC to TRUE and have the VARBC.in file in the working directory. VARBC.in is a VarBC setup file in ASCII format. A template is provided with the WRFDA package ($WRFDA_DIR/var/run/VARBC.in).
Input and Output files
-All VarBC input is passed through one single ASCII file called the VARBC.in file. Once WRFDA has run with the VarBC option switched on, it will produce a VARBC.out file which looks very much like the VARBC.in file you provided. This output file will then be used as the input file for the next assimilation cycle.
+All VarBC input is passed through a single ASCII file called VARBC.in. Once WRFDA has run with the VarBC option switched on, it will produce a VARBC.out file in a similar ASCII format. This output file will then be used as the input file for the next assimilation cycle.
Coldstart
Coldstarting means starting the VarBC from scratch; i.e. wh
en you do not know the values of the bias parameters.
@@ -823,7 +783,7 @@
Logical, controls whether to output observation-minus-analysis (O-A) files (including also O-B information), which are in ASCII format, and separated by sensors and processors.
USE_ERROR_FACTOR_RAD
-Logical, controls use of a radiance error tuning factor file, radiance_error.factor, which is created with empirical values, or generated using a variational tuning method (Desroziers and Ivanov, 2001).
+Logical, controls use of a radiance error tuning factor file (radiance_error.factor) which is created with empirical values, or generated using a variational tuning method (Desroziers and Ivanov, 2001).
ONLY_SEA_RAD
Logical, controls whether only assimilating radiance over water.
@@ -847,12 +807,12 @@
Logical, controls whether using the RTTOV K matrix rather than calling RTTOV TL and AD routines for gradient calculation.
RTTOV_EMIS_ATLAS_IR
-integer, controls the use of the IR emissivity atlas.
-Emissivity atlas data (should be downloaded separately from the RTTOV web site) need to be copied or linked under the sub-directory, emis_data, in the working directory if RTTOV_EMIS_ATLAS_IR is set to 1.
+Integer, controls the use of the IR emissivity atlas.
+Emissivity atlas data (should be downloaded separately from the RTTOV web site) need to be copied or linked under a sub-directory of the working directory (emis_data) if RTTOV_EMIS_ATLAS_IR is set to 1.
RTTOV_EMIS_ATLAS_MW
-integer, controls the use of the MW emissivity atlas.
-Emissivity atlas data (should be downloaded separately from the RTTOV web site) need to be copied or linked under the sub-directory, emis_data, in the working directory if RTTOV_EMIS_ATLAS_MW is set to 1 or 2.
+Integer, controls the use of the
MW emissivity atlas.
+Emissivity atlas data (should be downloaded separately from the RTTOV web site) need to be copied or linked under a sub-directory of the working directory (emis_data) if RTTOV_EMIS_ATLAS_MW is set to 1 or 2.
h. Diagnostics and Monitoring
@@ -864,73 +824,72 @@
0 means assimilating mode. Innovations (O minus B) are calculated and data are used in minimization.
1 means monitoring mode: innovations are calculated for diagnostics and monitoring. Data are not used in minimization.
-The number of rad_monitoring should correspond to the number of rtminit_nsensor. If rad_monitoring is not set, then the default value of 0 will be used for all sensors.
+The value of rad_monitoring should correspond to the value of rtminit_nsensor. If rad_monitoring is not set, then the default value of 0 will be used for all sensors.
(2) Outputing radiance diagnostics from WRFDA
-Run WRFDA with the following namelist variables in record wrfvar14 in namelist.input.
+Run WRFDA with the following namelist options in record wrfvar14 in namelist.input.
-write_iv_rad_ascii=.true.
-to write out (observation-background, etc.) diagnostics information in plain-text files with the prefix inv, followed by the instrument name and the processor id. For exa
mple, 01_inv_noaa-17-amsub.0000 (01 is outerloop index, 0000 is processor index)
+write_iv_rad_ascii
+Logical. TRUE to write out (observation-background, etc.) diagnostics information in plain-text files with the prefix inv, followed by the instrument name and the processor id. For example, 01_inv_noaa-17-amsub.0000 (01 is outerloop index, 0000 is processor index)
-write_oa_rad_ascii=.true.
-to write out (observation-background, observation-analysis, etc.) diagnostics information in plain-text files with the prefix oma, followed by the instrument name and the processor id. For example, 01_oma_noaa-18-mhs.0001
+write_oa_rad_ascii
+Logical. TRUE to write out (observation-background, observation-analysis, etc.) diagnostics information in plain-text files with the prefix oma, followed by the instrument name and the processor id. For example, 01_oma_noaa-18-mhs.0001
Each processor writes out the information for one instrument in one file in the WRFDA working directo
ry.
(3) Radiance diagnostics data processing
-A Fortran90 program is used to collect the 01_inv* or 01_oma* files and write them out in netCDF format (one instrument in one file with prefix diags followed by the instrument name, analysis date, and the suffix .nc)) for easier data viewing, handling and plotting with netCDF utilities and NCL scripts.
+A Fortran90 program is used to collect the 01_inv* or 01_oma* files and write them out in netCDF format (one instrument in one file with prefix diags followed by the instrument name, analysis date, and the suffix .nc) for easier data viewing, handling and plotting with netCDF utilities and NCL scripts.
(4) Radiance diagnostics plotting
-NCL scripts (WRFDA/var/graphics/ncl/plot_rad_diags.ncl and WRFDA/var/graphics/ncl/advance_cymdh.ncl) are used for plotting. The NCL script can be run from a shell script, or run alone with an interactive ncl command (need to edit the NCL script and set the plot options. Also the path o
f advance_cymdh.ncl, a date advancing script loaded in the main NCL plotting script, may need to be modified).
+NCL scripts ($WRFDA_DIR/var/graphics/ncl/plot_rad_diags.ncl and $WRFDA_DIR/var/graphics/ncl/advance_cymdh.ncl) are used for plotting. The NCL script can be run from a shell script, or run alone with an interactive ncl command (the NCL script and set the plot options must be edited. Also the path of advance_cymdh.ncl, a date advancing script loaded in the main NCL plotting script, may need to be modified).
-Step (3) and (4) can be done by running a single ksh script (WRFDA/var/scripts/da_rad_diags.ksh) with proper settings. In addition to the settings of directories and what instruments to plot, there are some useful plotting options, explained below.
+Steps (3) and (4) can be done by running a single ksh script (WRFDA/var/scripts/da_rad_diags.ksh) with proper settings. In addition to the settings of directories and what instruments to plot, there are some useful
plotting options, explained below.
-export OUT_TYPE=ncgmncgm or pdf
-pdf will be much slower than ncgm and generate huge output if plots are not split. But pdf has higher resolution than ncgm.export PLOT_STATS_ONLY=falsetrue or false
+setenv OUT_TYPE=ncgmncgm or pdf
+pdf will be much slower than ncgm and generate huge output if plots are not split. But pdf has higher resolution than ncgm.setenv PLOT_STATS_ONLY=falsetrue or false
true: only statistics of OMB/OMA vs channels and OMB/OMA vs dates will be plotted.
-false: data coverage, scatter plots (before and after bias correction), histograms (before and after bias correction), and statistics will be plotted.export PLOT_OPT=sea_onlyall, sea_only, land_onlyexport PLOT_QCED=false
+false: data coverage, scatter plots (before and after bias correction), histograms (before and after bias correction), and statistics will be plotted.setenv PLOT_OPT=sea_onlyall, sea_only, land_onlysetenv PLOT_QCED=false
true o
r false
true: plot only quality-controlled data
-false: plot all dataexport PLOT_HISTO=falsetrue or false: switch for histogram plotsexport PLOT_SCATT=truetrue or false: switch for scatter plotsexport PLOT_EMISS=falsetrue or false: switch for emissivity plotsexport PLOT_SPLIT=falsetrue or false
+false: plot all datasetenv PLOT_HISTO=falsetrue or false: switch for histogram plotssetenv PLOT_SCATT=truetrue or false: switch for scatter plotssetenv PLOT_EMISS=falsetrue or false: switch for emissivity plotssetenv PLOT_SPLIT=falsetrue or false
true: one frame in each file
-false: all frames in one fileexport PLOT_CLOUDY=false
+false: all frames in one filesetenv PLOT_CLOUDY=false
true or false
-true: plot cloudy data. Cloudy data to be plotted are defined by PLOT_CLOUDY_OPT (si or clwp), CLWP_VALUE, SI_VALUE settings.export PLOT_CLOUDY_OPT=sisi or clwp
+true: plot cloudy data. Cloudy data to be plotted are defined by PLOT_CLOUDY_OPT (si or clwp),
CLWP_VALUE, SI_VALUE settings.setenv PLOT_CLOUDY_OPT=sisi or clwp
clwp: cloud liquid water path from model
-si: scatter index from obs, for amsua, amsub and mhs onlyexport CLWP_VALUE=0.2only plot points with
+si: scatter index from obs, for amsua, amsub and mhs onlysetenv CLWP_VALUE=0.2only plot points with
clwp >= clwp_value (when clwp_value > 0)
-clwp > clwp_value (when clwp_value = 0)export SI_VALUE=3.0
+clwp > clwp_value (when clwp_value = 0)setenv SI_VALUE=3.0
+ (5) Evolution of VarBC parameters
-(5) Evolution of VarBC parameters
-
NCL scripts (WRFDA/var/graphics/ncl/plot_rad_varbc_param.ncl and WRFDA/var/graphics/ncl/advance_cymdh.ncl) are used for plotting the evolution of VarBC parameters.
Precipitation Data Assimilation in WRFDA 4D-Var
-The assimilation of precipitation observations in WRFDA 4D-Var is described in this section. Currently, WRFPLUS has already included the adjoint and tangent linear codes of large-scale conden
sation and cumulus scheme, therefore precipitation data can be assimilated directly in 4D-Var. For users who are interested in the scientific detail of 4D-Var assimilation of precipitation, please refer to related scientific papers. This section provides a description of the usage of the precipitation data assimilation in the WRFDA system, including data processing, namelist variable settings, and how to run WRFDA 4D-Var with precipitation observations.
+The assimilation of precipitation observations in WRFDA 4D-Var is described in this section. Currently, WRFPLUS has already included the adjoint and tangent linear codes of large-scale condensation and cumulus scheme, therefore precipitation data can be assimilated directly in 4D-Var. Users who are interested in the scientific detail of 4D-Var assimilation of precipitation should refer to related scientific papers, as this section is only a basic guide to running WRFDA Precipitation Assimilation. This section instructs user
s on data processing, namelist variable settings, and how to run WRFDA 4D-Var with precipitation observations.
a. Prepare precipitation observations for 4D-Var
As of version 3.4, WRFDA 4D-Var can assimilate NCEP Stage IV radar and gauge precipitation data. NCEP Stage IV archived data are available on the NCAR CODIAC web page at: HYPERLINK "http://data.eol.ucar.edu/codiac/dss/id=21.093"http://data.eol.ucar.edu/codiac/dss/id=21.093 (for more information, please see the NCEP Stage IV Q&A Web page at HYPERLINK "http://www.emc.ncep.noaa.gov/mmb/ylin/pcpanl/QandA/"http://www.emc.ncep.noaa.gov/mmb/ylin/pcpanl/QandA/). The original precipitation data are at 4-km resolution on a polar-stereographic grid. Hourly, 6-hourly and 24-hourly analyses are available. The following image shows the accumulated 6-h precipitation for the tutorial case.
-It should be mentioned that the NCEP Stage IV archived data is in GRIB1 format and it cannot be ingested
into the WRFDA directly. A tool CONVERTER is provided to reformat GRIB1 observations into the WRFDA-readable ASCII format. It can be downloaded from the WRFDA users page at HYPERLINK "http://www.mmm.ucar.edu/wrf/users/wrfda/" http://www.mmm.ucar.edu/wrf/users/wrfda/. The NCEP GRIB libraries, w3 and g2 are required to compile the CONVERTER. These libraries are available for download from NCEP at HYPERLINK "http://www.nco.ncep.noaa.gov/pmb/codes/GRIB2/" http://www.nco.ncep.noaa.gov/pmb/codes/GRIB2/. The output file to the CONVERTER is named in the format ob.rain.yyyymmddhh.xxh; The 'yyyymmddhh' in the file name is the ending hour of the accumulation period, and 'xx' (=01,06 or 24) is the accumulating length.
+It should be mentioned that the NCEP Stage IV archived data is in GRIB1 format and it cannot be ingested into the WRFDA directly. A tool CONVERTER is provided to reformat GRIB1 observations into the WRFDA-readable ASCII format. It can be
downloaded from the WRFDA users page at HYPERLINK "http://www.mmm.ucar.edu/wrf/users/wrfda/download/CONVERTER.gz"http://www.mmm.ucar.edu/wrf/users/wrfda/download/CONVERTER.gz. The NCEP GRIB libraries, w3 and g2 are required to compile the CONVERTER. These libraries are available for download from NCEP at HYPERLINK "http://www.nco.ncep.noaa.gov/pmb/codes/GRIB2/" http://www.nco.ncep.noaa.gov/pmb/codes/GRIB2/. The output file to the CONVERTER is named in the format ob.rain.yyyymmddhh.xxh; The 'yyyymmddhh' in the file name is the ending hour of the accumulation period, and 'xx' (=01,06 or 24) is the accumulating time period.
For users wishing to use their own observations instead of NCEP Stage IV, it is the users responsibility to write a Fortran main program and call subroutine writerainobs (in write_rainobs.f90) to generate their own precipitation data. For more information please refer to the README file in the CONVERTER directory.
b. Runn
ing WRFDA 4D-Var with precipitation observations
-WRFDA 4D-Var is able to assimilate hourly, 3-hourly and 6-hourly precipitation data. According to experiments and related scientific papers, 6-hour precipitation accumulations are the ideal observations to be assimilated, for the results are improved by assimilating precipitation data accumulated over several hours instead of the hourly data.
+WRFDA 4D-Var is able to assimilate hourly, 3-hourly and 6-hourly precipitation data. According to experiments and related scientific papers, 6-hour precipitation accumulations are the ideal observations to be assimilated, as this leads to better results than directly assimilating hourly data.
-The following example is for assimilating 6-hour accumulated precipitation. In your working directory, link all the necessary files as follows,
+The tutorial example is for assimilating 6-hour accumulated precipitation. In your working directory, link all the necessary files as follows,
>
; ln -fs $WRFDA_DIR/var/da/da_wrfvar.exe .
> ln -fs $DAT_DIR/rc/2008020512/wrfinput_d01 .
> ln -fs $DAT_DIR/rc/2008020512/wrfbdy_d01 .
> ln -fs wrfinput_d01 fg
> ln -fs $DAT_DIR/be/be.dat .
-> ln -fs WRFDA/run/LANDUSE.TBL ./LANDUSE.TBL
+> ln -fs $WRFDA_DIR/run/LANDUSE.TBL ./LANDUSE.TBL
> ln -fs $DAT_DIR/ob/2008020518/ob.rain.2008020518.06h ob07.rain
Note: The reason why the observation ob.rain.2008020518.06h is linked as ob07.rain will be explained in section d.
@@ -957,23 +916,25 @@
c. Namelist variables to control precipitation assimilation
var4d_bin_rain
- Precipitation observation sub-window length for 4D-Var. It does not need to be consistent with var4d_bin.
+Precipitation observation sub-window length for 4D-Var. It does not need to be consistent with var4d_bin.
thin_rainobs
- Logical, TRUE will perform thinning on precipitation data.
+Logical, TRUE will perform thinning on precipitation data.
thin_mesh_conv
- Specify thinning mesh size (in km)
+Specify thinning mesh size (in km)
-d. Observation files rename
+d. Properly linking observation files
-In section b, ob.rain.2008020518.06h is linked as ob07.rain. The number 07 is assigned according to the following rule:
+In section b, ob.rain.2008020518.06h is linked as ob07.rain. The number 07 is assigned according to the following rule:
+
x=i*(var4d_bin_rain/var4d_bin)+1,
-Here, i is the sequence number of the observation.
+
+Here, i is the sequence number
of the observation.
for x<10, the observation file should be renamed as ob0x.rain;
for x>=10, it should be renamed as obx.rain
-For the example above, 6-hour accumulated precipitation data is assimilated in 6-hour time window. In the namelist, var4d_bin=3600 and var4d_bin_rain=21600, and there is one observation file (i.e., i=1) in the time window, Thus the value of x is 7. The file ob.rain.2008020518.06h should be renamed as ob07.rain.
+In the example above, 6-hour accumulated precipitation data is assimilated in 6-hour time window. In the namelist, values should be set at var4d_bin=3600 and var4d_bin_rain=21600, and there is one observation file (i.e., i=1) in the time window, Thus the value of x is 7. The file ob.rain.2008020518.06h should be renamed as ob07.rain.
Let us take another example for how to rename observation files for 3-hourly precipitation data in 6-hour time window. The sample namelist is as follows,
@@ -989,12 +950,12 @@
Updating WRF Boundary Conditions
There are three input files: WRFDA analysis, wrfinput, and wrfbdy files from WPS/real.exe, and a namelist file: param.in for running da_update_bc.exe for domain-1. Before running an NWP forecast using the WRF-model with WRFDA analysis, update the values and tendencies for each predicted variable in the first time period, in the lateral boundary condition file. Domain-1 (wrfbdy_d01) must be updated to be consistent with the new WRFDA initial condition (analysis). This is absolutely essential. Moreover, in the cycling-run mode (warm-start), the lower boundary in the WRFDA analysis file also needs to be updated based on the information from the wrfinput file, generated by WPS/real.exe at analysis time.
-For the nested domains, domain-2, domain-3, the lateral boundaries are provided by their parent domains, so no lateral boundary update is needed for these domains; but the low boundaries in each of the nested domains WRFDA analysis files st
ill need to be updated. In these cases, you must set the namelist variable, domain_id > 1 (default is 1 for domain-1), and no wrfbdy_d01file needs to be provided to the namelist variable wrf_bdy_file.
-This procedure is performed by the WRFDA utility called da_updated_bc.exe.
-Note: Make sure that you have da_update_bc.exe in the WRFDA/var/build directory. This executable should have been created when you compiled WRFDA code,
+For nested domains, domain-2, domain-3, etc., the lateral boundaries are provided by their parent domains, so no lateral boundary update is needed for these domains; but the low boundaries in each of the nested domains WRFDA analysis files still need to be updated. In these cases, you must set the namelist variable, domain_id > 1 (default is 1 for domain-1), and no wrfbdy_d01file needs to be provided to the namelist variable wrf_bdy_file.
+This procedure is performed by the WRFDA utility called da_updated_bc.exe, and is located in $WRFDA_DIR/v
ar/build.
To run da_update_bc.exe, follow the steps below:
-> cd WRFDA/var/test/update_bc
-> cp p $DAT_DIR/rc/2008020512/wrfbdy_d01 ./wrfbdy_d01 (IMPORTANT: make a copy of wrfbdy_d01 as the wrf_bdy_file will be overwritten by da_update_bc.exe)
+> cd $WRFDA_DIR/var/test/update_bc
+> cp p $DAT_DIR/rc/2008020512/wrfbdy_d01 .
+(IMPORTANT: make a copy of wrfbdy_d01, as the wrf_bdy_file will be overwritten by da_update_bc.exe)
> vi parame.in
&control_param
da_file = './wrfvar_output'
@@ -1002,20 +963,21 @@
wrf_bdy_file = './wrfbdy_d01'
wrf_input = '$DAT_DIR/rc/2008020512/wrfinput_d01'
domain_id = 1
- cycling = .false. (set to .true. if WRFDA first guess comes from a previous WRF forecast.)
+ cycling = .false. (set to .true. if first guess comes from a previous WRF forecast.)
debug = .true.
low_bdy_only = .false.
update_lsm = .false.
var4d_lbc = .false.
/
-> ln sf WRFDA/var/da/da_update_bc.exe ./da_update_bc.exe
+
+> ln sf $WRFDA_DIR/var/da/da_update_bc.exe .
> ./da_update_bc.exe
At this stage, you should have the files wrfvar_output and wrfbdy_d01 in your WRFDA working directory. They are the WRFDA updated initial condition and boundary condition for any subsequent WRF model runs. To use, link a copy of wrfvar_output and wrfbdy_d01 to wrfinput_d01 and wrfbdy_d01, respectively, in your WRF working directory.
-If you turn on the var4d_lbc in WRF 4D-Var run, you should also copy/link the ana02 from WRFDA work
ing directory to da_update_bc working directory and set the var4d_lbc to true in param.in.
+If you activate the var4d_lbc option in a WRF 4D-Var run, you should also copy/link the ana02 file from the WRFDA working directory to the da_update_bc working directory and set the var4d_lbc variable to TRUE in param.in.
-As of V3.2, some changes were made to da_update_bc to address some issues that are related to sea-ice and snow change during cycling runs, and radiance data assimilation. The new settings in parame.in are introduced as follows:
+Starting with V3.2, some changes were made to da_update_bc to address some issues related to sea-ice and snow change during cycling runs, and radiance data assimilation. The new settings in parame.in are introduced as follows:
Note: for backward compatibility, the pre-V3.2 parame.in, mentioned above, still works with V3.2+ da_update_bc.
@@ -1033,11 +995,6 @@
var4d_lbc = .false.
/
-
-
-
-
-
update_lateral_bdy is required only for domain 1.
update_low_bdy is needed for all domains if running in cycling mode.
iswater (water point index) is 16 for USGS LANDUSE and 17 for MODIS LANDUSE.
@@ -1054,7 +1011,7 @@
This updates the lateral boundary conditions (wrf_bdy_file will be overwritten by da_update_bc).
Running gen_be
-Starting with WRFDA version 3.1, users have three choices to define the background error covariance (BE). We call them CV3, CV5, and CV6 . With CV3 and CV5, the background errors are applied to the same set of the control variables, stream function, unbalanced potential velocity, unbalanced temperature, unbalanced surface pressure, and pseudo-relative-humidity. However, for CV6 the moisture control variable is the unbalanced part of pseudo-relative-humidity. With CV3, the control variables are in physical space while with CV5 and CV6, the control variables are in eigenvector space. So, the major difference between these two kinds of BE is the vertical covariance. CV3 uses the vertical recursive filter to model the vertical covariance but CV5 and CV6 use an empirical orthogonal function (EOF) to represent the vertical covariance. The recursive filters to model t
he horizontal covariance are also different with these BEs. We have not conducted the systematic comparison of the analyses based on these BEs. However, CV3 (a BE file provided with our WRFDA system) is a global BE and can be used for any regional domain, while CV5 and CV6 BEs are domain-dependent, which should be generated based on the forecast data from the same domain. At this time, it is hard to tell which BE is better; the impact on analysis may vary from case to case.
+Starting with WRFDA version 3.1, users have three choices to define the background error covariance (BE). We call them CV3, CV5, and CV6 . With CV3 and CV5, the background errors are applied to the same set of the control variables, stream function, unbalanced potential velocity, unbalanced temperature, unbalanced surface pressure, and pseudo-relative-humidity. However, for CV6 the moisture control variable is the unbalanced part of pseudo-relative-humidity. With CV3, the control variables are in physic
al space while with CV5 and CV6, the control variables are in eigenvector space. The major difference between these two kinds of BE is the vertical covariance; CV3 uses the vertical recursive filter to model the vertical covariance but CV5 and CV6 use an empirical orthogonal function (EOF) to represent the vertical covariance. The recursive filters to model the horizontal covariance are also different with these BEs. We have not conducted the systematic comparison of the analyses based on these BEs. However, CV3 (a BE file provided with our WRFDA system) is a global BE and can be used for any regional domain, while CV5 and CV6 BEs are domain-dependent, which should be generated based on the forecast data from the same domain. At this time, it is hard to tell which BE is better; the impact on analysis may vary from case to case.
CV3 is the NCEP background error covariance. It is estimated in grid space by what has become known as the NMC method (Parrish and Derber 1992) .
The statistics are estimated with the differences of 24 and 48-hour GFS forecasts with T170 resolution, valid at the same time for 357 cases, distributed over a period of one year. Both the amplitudes and the scales of the background error have to be tuned to represent the forecast error in the estimated fields. The statistics that project multivariate relations among variables are also derived from the NMC method.
@@ -1062,13 +1019,13 @@
The vertical scales are estimated with the vertical correlation of each variable. A table is built to cover the range of vertical scales for the variables. The table is then used to find the scales in vertical grid units. The filter profile and the vertical correlation are fitted locally. The scale of the best fit from the table is assigned as the scale of the variable at that vertical level for each latitude. Note that the vertical scales are locally defined so that the negative correlation further away, in the vertical direction, is not included.
-Theoretically, CV3 BE is a generic background error statistics file, which can be used for any case. It is quite straightforward to use CV3 in your own case. To use the CV3 BE file in your case, set cv_options=3 in $wrfvar7 in namelist.input in your working directory, and use the be.dat is located in WRFDA/var/run/be.dat.cv3.
+Theoretically, CV3 BE is a generic background error statistics file, which can be used for any case.
It is quite straightforward to use CV3 in your own case. To use the CV3 BE file in your case, set cv_options=3 in &wrfvar7 in namelist.input in your working directory, and use the be.dat is located in WRFDA/var/run/be.dat.cv3.
To use CV5 or CV6 background error covariance, it is necessary to generate your domain-specific background error statistics with the gen_be utility. The background error statistics file, supplied with the tutorial test case, can NOT be used for your applications.
-The Fortran main programs for gen_be can be found in WRFDA/var/gen_be. The executables of gen_be should be created after you have compiled the WRFDA code (as described earlier). The scripts to run these codes are in WRFDA/var/scripts/gen_be.
+The Fortran main programs for gen_be can be found in WRFDA/var/gen_be. The executables of gen_be should have been created when you compiled the WRFDA code (as described earlier). The scripts to run these codes are in WRFDA/var/scripts/gen_be.
-The input data for gen_be are WRF forecasts, which are used to generate model perturbations, used as a proxy for estimates of forecast error. For the NMC-method, the model perturbations are differences between forecasts (e.g. T+24 minus T+12 is typical for regional applications, T+48 minus T+24 for global) valid at the same time. Climatological estimates of background error may then be obtained by averaging such forecast differences over a period of time (e.g. one month). Given input from an ensemble prediction system (EPS), the inputs are the ensemble forecasts, and the model perturbations created are the transformed ensemble perturbations. The gen_be code has been designed to work with either forecast difference or ensemble-based perturbations. The former is illustrated in this tutorial example.
+The input data for gen_be are WRF forecasts, which are used to generate model perturbations, used as a proxy for estimates of forecast error. For the NMC-method, the model pe
rturbations are differences between forecasts (e.g. T+24 minus T+12 is typical for regional applications, T+48 minus T+24 for global) valid at the same time. Climatological estimates of background error may then be obtained by averaging these forecast differences over a period of time (e.g. one month). Given input from an ensemble prediction system (EPS), the inputs are the ensemble forecasts, and the model perturbations created are the transformed ensemble perturbations. The gen_be code has been designed to work with either forecast difference or ensemble-based perturbations. The former is illustrated in this tutorial example.
It is important to include forecast differences, from at least 00Z and 12Z through the period, to remove the diurnal cycle (i.e. do not run gen_be using just 00Z or 12Z model perturbations alone).
@@ -1162,40 +1119,35 @@
Note: It is important to go through the default use_* settings in record &wrfvar4 in WRFDA/Registry/Registry.wrfvar to know what observations are activated in default.
WRFDA with Multivariate Background Error (MBE) Statistics
-A new control variable option to implement multivariate background error (MBE) statistics in WRFDA has been introduced. It may be activated by setting the namelist variable cv_options=6. This option introduces six additional correlation coefficients in the definition of the balanced part of analysis control variables. Thus with this implementation, moisture analysis is multivariate, in the sense that temperature and wind may lead to moisture increments, and vise-versa. The gen_be utility has also been updated to compute the desired MBE statistics required for this option. The updates include basic source code, scripts, and graphics to display some important diagnostics about MBE statistics. Further details may be seen at:
-https://
wiki.ucar.edu/download/attachments/60622477/WRFDA__update_for_cv6.pdf
+A new control variable option to implement multivariate background error (MBE) statistics in WRFDA has been introduced. It may be activated by setting the namelist variable cv_options=6. This option introduces six additional correlation coefficients in the definition of the balanced part of analysis control variables. Thus with this implementation, moisture analysis is multivariate, in the sense that temperature and wind may lead to moisture increments, and vise-versa. The gen_be utility has also been updated to compute the desired MBE statistics required for this option. The updates include basic source code, scripts, and graphics to display some important diagnostics about MBE statistics. Further details may be seen at:
+ HYPERLINK "https://wiki.ucar.edu/download/attachments/60622477/WRFDA__update_for_cv6.pdf" https://wiki.ucar.edu/download/attachments/60622477/WRFDA__update_for_cv6.pdf
a. How to generate multivariate background error statistics for WRFDA
-Multivariate background error statistics for WRFDA is generated by executing a top-level script, gen_be/wrapper_gen_be_gsi.ksh, residing under SCRIPTS_DIR, via a suitable wrapper script. The rest of the procedure remains the same as with normal running of the gen_be utility. A successful run will create a be.dat file in RUN_DIR directory.
+Multivariate background error statistics for WRFDA is generated by executing a top-level script, gen_be/wrapper_gen_be_gsi.ksh, residing under SCRIPTS_DIR via a suitable wrapper script. The rest of the procedure remains the same as with normal running of the gen_be utility. A successful run will create a be.dat file in the RUN_DIR directory.
b. How to run WRFDA with multivariate background error statistics
-After successfully generating multivariate background error statistics file be.dat, the procedure for running WRFDA is straight-forward. If WRFDA
is run through the wrapper script, suitably declare the namelist variable NL_CV_OPTIONS=6 in the wrapper script. If WRFDA is run directly (by executing da_wrfvar.exe), then include cv_options=6 in the namelist.input file under the wrfvar7 list of namelist options.
+After successfully generating multivariate background error statistics file be.dat, the procedure for running WRFDA is straight-forward. If WRFDA is run through the wrapper script, suitably declare the namelist variable NL_CV_OPTIONS=6 in the wrapper script. If WRFDA is run directly (by executing da_wrfvar.exe), then include cv_options=6 in the namelist.input file under the &wrfvar7 list of namelist options.
c. How to tune multivariate background error statistics in running WRFDA
Below is a list of nine tuning parameters available in WRFDA. Default values for these variables are set as 1.0. Setting corresponding values > 1.0 (< 1.0) will increase (decrease) the corresponding contribu
tions as described in the following Table:
-Variable name Descriptionpsi_chi_factorParameter to control contribution of stream function in defining balanced part of velocity potentialpsi_t_factorParameter to control contribution of stream function in defining balanced part of temperaturepsi_ps_factorParameter to control contribution of stream function in defining balanced part of surface pressurepsi_rh_factorParameter to control contribution of stream function in defining balanced part of moisturechi_u_t_factorParameter to control contribution of unbalanced part of velocity potential in defining balanced part of temperaturechi_u_ps_factorParameter to control contribution of unbalanced part of velocity potential in defining balanced part of surface pressurechi_u_rh_factorParameter to control contribution of unbalanced part of velocity potential in defining balanced part of moisturet_u_rh_factorParameter to control contributi
on of unbalanced part of temperature in defining balanced part of moistureps_u_rh_factorParameter to control contribution of unbalanced part of surface pressure in defining balanced part of moisture
-
-WRFDA Diagnostics
+Variable name Descriptionpsi_chi_factorParameter to control contribution of stream function in defining balanced part of velocity potentialpsi_t_factorParameter to control contribution of stream function in defining balanced part of temperaturepsi_ps_factorParameter to control contribution of stream function in defining balanced part of surface pressurepsi_rh_factorParameter to control contribution of stream function in defining balanced part of moisturechi_u_t_factorParameter to control contribution of unbalanced part of velocity potential in defining balanced part of temperaturechi_u_ps_factorParameter to control contribution of unbalanced part of velocity potential in defining balanced part of surface pre
ssurechi_u_rh_factorParameter to control contribution of unbalanced part of velocity potential in defining balanced part of moisturet_u_rh_factorParameter to control contribution of unbalanced part of temperature in defining balanced part of moistureps_u_rh_factorParameter to control contribution of unbalanced part of surface pressure in defining balanced part of moistureWRFDA Diagnostics
WRFDA produces a number of diagnostic files that contain useful information on how the data assimilation has performed. This section will introduce you to some of these files, and what to look for.
After running WRFDA, it is important to check a number of output files to see if the assimilation appears sensible. The WRFDA package, which includes several useful scripts, may be downloaded from HYPERLINK "http://www.mmm.ucar.edu/wrf/users/wrfda/download/tools.html"http://www.mmm.ucar.edu/wrf/users/wrfda/download/tools.html
The content of some useful diagnostic file
s are as follows:
cost_fn and grad_fn: These files hold (in ASCII format) WRFDA cost and gradient function values, respectively, for the first and last iterations. If you run with PRINT_DETAIL_GRAD=true, however, these values will be listed for each iteration; this can be helpful for visualization purposes. The NCL script WRFDA/var/graphics/ncl/plot_cost_grad_fn.ncl may be used to plot the content of cost_fn and grad_fn, if these files are generated with PRINT_DETAIL_GRAD=true.
Note: Make sure that you remove the first two lines (header) in cost_fn and grad_fn before you plot. You also need to specify the directory name for these two files.
gts_omb_oma_01: It contains (in ASCII format) information on all of the observations used by the WRFDA run. Each observation has its observed value, quality flag, observation error, observation minus background (OMB), and observation minus analysis (OMA). This information is very useful for both analysis and forecast verificatio
n purposes.
-namelist.input: This is the WRFDA input namelist file, which contains all the user-defined non-default options. Any namelist-defined options that do not appear in this file, should have their names checked against the values in WRFDA/Registry/Registry.wrfvar.
+namelist.input: This is the WRFDA input namelist file, which contains all the user-defined non-default options. Any namelist-defined options that do not appear in this file, should have their names checked against the values in $WRFDA_DIR/Registry/Registry.wrfvar.
namelist.output: A consolidated list of all the namelist options used.
-rsl*: Files containing information for standard WRFDA output from individual processors when multiple processors are used. It contains a host of information on a number of observations, minimization, timings, etc. Additional diagnostics may be printed in these files by including various print WRFDA namelist options. To learn more about these additional print
options, search for the print_ string in WRFDA/Registry/Registry.wrfvar.
-statistics: Text file containing OMB (OI), OMA (OA) statistics (minimum, maximum, mean and standard deviation) for each observation type and variable. This information is very useful in diagnosing how WRFDA has used different components of the observing system. Also contained are the analysis minus background (A-B) statistics, i.e. statistics of the analysis increments for each model variable at each model level. This information is very useful in checking the range of analysis increment values found in the analysis, and where they are in the WRF-model grid space.
-The WRFDA analysis file is wrfvar_output. It is in WRF (NetCDF) format. It will become the input file wrfinput_d01 of any subsequent WRF run after lateral boundary and/or lower boundary conditions are updated by another WRFDA utility (See the section Updating WRF boundary conditions).
-An NCL script, WRFDA/var/graphics/ncl/WRF-Var_p
lot.ncl, is provided for plotting. You need to specify the analsyis_file name, its full path, etc. Please see the in-line comments in the script for details.
-
-
-
-As an example, if you are aiming to display the U-component of the analysis at level 18, execute the following command after modifying the script WRFDA/var/graphcs/ncl/WRF-Var_plot.ncl, and make sure the following pieces of codes are uncommented:
+rsl*: Files containing information for standard WRFDA output from individual processors when multiple processors are used. It contains a host of information on a number of observations, minimization, timings, etc. Additional diagnostics may be printed in these files by including various print WRFDA namelist options. To learn more about these additional print options, search for the print_ string in $WRFDA_DIR/Registry/Registry.wrfvar.
+statistics: Text file containing OMB (OI) and OMA (OA) statistics (minimum, maximum, mean and standard deviation) for each ob
servation type and variable. This information is very useful in diagnosing how WRFDA has used different components of the observing system. Also contained are the analysis minus background (A-B) statistics, i.e. statistics of the analysis increments for each model variable at each model level. This information is very useful in checking the range of analysis increment values found in the analysis, and where they are in the WRF-model grid space.
+The WRFDA analysis file is wrfvar_output. It is in WRF (NetCDF) format. It will become the input file wrfinput_d01 of any subsequent WRF run after lateral boundary and/or lower boundary conditions are updated by another WRFDA utility (See the section HYPERLINK \l "_Updating_WRF_Boundary" Updating WRF boundary conditions).
+An NCL script, $WRFDA_DIR/var/graphics/ncl/WRF-Var_plot.ncl, is provided for plotting. You need to specify the analsyis_file name, its full path, etc. Please see the in-line comments in the script
for details.
+As an example, if you are aiming to display the U-component of the analysis at level 18, execute the following command after modifying the script WRFDA/var/graphcs/ncl/WRF-Var_plot.ncl, and make sure the following pieces of codes are uncommented:
var = "U"
fg = first_guess->U
an = analysis->U
plot_data = an
-When you execute the following command from WRFDA/var/graphics/ncl.
+When you execute the following command from $WRFDA_DIR/var/graphics/ncl.
> ncl WRF-Var_plot.ncl
The plot should look like:
@@ -1203,15 +1155,15 @@
Take time to look through the text output files to ensure you understand how WRFDA works. For example:
How closely has WRFDA fit individual observation types? Look at the statistics file to compare the O-B and O-A statistics.
How big are the analysis increments? Again, look in the statistics file to see minimum/maximum values of A-B for each variable at various levels. It will give you a feel for the impact of the input observation data you assimilated via WRFDA by modifying the input analysis first guess.
-How long did WRFDA take to converge? Does it really converge? You will get the answers of all these questions by looking into rsl-files, as it indicates the number of iterations taken by WRFDA to converge. If this is the same as the maximum number of iterations specified in the namelist (NTMAX), or its default value (=200) set in WRFDA/Registry/Registry.wrfvar, then it means that the analysis solution did not converge. If this is the case, you may need to increase the
value of NTMAX and rerun your case to ensure that the convergence is achieved. On the other hand, a normal WRFDA run should usually converge within 100 iterations. If it still doesnt converge in 200 iterations, that means there might be some problem in the observations or first guess.
-A good way to visualize the impact of assimilation of observations is to plot the analysis increments (i.e. analysis minus the first guess difference). Many different graphics packages (e.g. RIP4, NCL, GRADS etc) can do this. The plot of level 18 theta increments below was produced using this particular NCL script. This script is located at WRFDA/var/graphics/ncl/WRF-Var_plot.ncl.
-You need to modify this script to fix the full path for first_guess & analysis files. You may also use it to modify the display level by setting kl and the name of the variable to display by setting var. Further details are given in this script.
-If you are aiming to display the increment of potential t
emperature at level 18, after modifying WRFDA/var/graphcs/ncl/WRF-Var_plot.ncl, make sure the following pieces of code are uncommented:
+How long did WRFDA take to converge? Does it really converge? You will get the answers of all these questions by looking into rsl-files, as it indicates the number of iterations taken by WRFDA to converge. If this is the same as the maximum number of iterations specified in the namelist (NTMAX), or its default value (=200) set in $WRFDA_DIR/Registry/Registry.wrfvar, then it means that the analysis solution did not converge. If this is the case, you may need to increase the value of NTMAX and rerun your case to ensure that the convergence is achieved. On the other hand, a normal WRFDA run should usually converge within 100 iterations. If it still doesnt converge in 200 iterations, that means there may be a problem in the observations or first guess.
+A good way to visualize the impact of assimilation of observations is to plot the analys
is increments (i.e. analysis minus the first guess difference). Many different graphics packages (e.g. RIP4, NCL, GRADS etc) can do this. The plot of level 18 theta increments below was produced using this particular NCL script. This script is located at $WRFDA_DIR/var/graphics/ncl/WRF-Var_plot.ncl.
+You need to modify this script to fix the full path for first_guess and analysis files. You may also use it to modify the display level by setting kl and the name of the variable to display by setting var. Further details are given in this script.
+If you are aiming to display the increment of potential temperature at level 18, after modifying $WRFDA_DIR/var/graphcs/ncl/WRF-Var_plot.ncl, make sure the following pieces of code are uncommented:
var = "T"
fg = first_guess->T ;Theta- 300
an = analysis->T ;Theta- 300
plot_data = an - fg
-When you execute the following command from WRFDA/var/graphics/ncl.
+When you execute the following command from WRFDA_DI
R/var/graphics/ncl.
> ncl WRF-Var_plot.ncl
The plot created will look as follows:
@@ -1239,19 +1191,19 @@
1) Set an environment variable for your working directory and your data directory
-> setenv HYBRID_DIR your_hybrid_path > setenv DAT_DIR your_data_path > cd $HYBRID_DIR
+> setenv WORK_DIR your_hybrid_path > setenv DAT_DIR your_data_path > cd $WORK_DIR
2) Calculate the ensemble mean
From your working directory, copy or link the ensemble forecasts to your working directory. The ensemble members are identified by three-digit numbers following the valid time.
> ln sf $DAT_DIR/Hybrid/fc/2006102712/wrfout_d01_2006-10-28_00:00:00.e* .
-Provide two template files (ensemble mean and variance files) in your working directory. These files will contain the ensemble mean and variance and will be overwritten by the program that calculates the ensemble mean and variance as discussed below.
+Provide two template files (ensemble mean and variance files) in your working directory. These files will be overwritten with the ensemble mean and variance as discus
sed below.
> cp $DAT_DIR/Hybrid/fc/2006102712/wrfout_d01_2006-10-28_00:00:00.e001 ./wrfout_d01_2006-10-28_00:00:00.mean > cp $DAT_DIR/Hybrid/fc/2006102712/wrfout_d01_2006-10-28_00:00:00.e001 ./wrfout_d01_2006-10-28_00:00:00.vari
-Edit gen_be_ensmean_nl.nl (or copy it from $DAT_DIR/Hybrid/gen_be_ensmean_nl.nl). You will need to set the information in this script as follows:
+Copy gen_be_ensmean_nl.nl (cp $DAT_DIR/Hybrid/gen_be_ensmean_nl.nl .) You will need to set the information in this script as follows:
&gen_be_ensmean_nl directory = '.' filename = 'wrfout_d01_2006-10-28_00:00:00' num_members = 10 nv = 7 cv = 'U', 'V', 'W', 'PH', 'T', 'MU', 'QVAPOR' \
where directory is the folder containg the ensemble members and template files, filename is the name of the files before their suffixes (e.g.,.mean, .vari, etc), num_members is the number of ensemble members you are using, nv is the number of variables, and cv is the name of variables used in the hybrid syste
m. Be sure nv and cv are consistent!
Link gen_be_ensmean.exe to your working directory and run it.
-> ln sf WRFDA/var/build/gen_be_ensmean.exe . > ./gen_be_ensmean.exe
+> ln sf $WRFDA_DIR/var/build/gen_be_ensmean.exe . > ./gen_be_ensmean.exe
Check the output files. wrfout_d01_2006-10-28_00:00:00.mean is the ensemble mean; wrfout_d01_2006-10-28_00:00:00.vari is the ensemble variance
3) Calculate ensemble perturbations
@@ -1266,10 +1218,10 @@
Check the output files. A list of binary files should now exist. Among them, tmp.e* are temporary scratch files that can be removed.
-4) Back in the working directory, create the input file for vertical localization. This program requires one command-line argument: the number of vertical levels of the model configuration (same value as e_vert in the namelist; for the tutorial example, this should be 42).
+4) Back in the working directory, create the input file for vertical localization. This program requires one command-line argument: the number of vertical levels of the model configuration (same value as e_vert in the namelist; for the tutorial example, this should be 42).
-> cd $HYBRID_DIR
-> ln sf WRFDA/var/build/gen_be_vertloc.exe .
+> cd $WORK_DIR
+> ln sf $WRFDA_DIR/var/build/gen_be_vertloc.exe .
> ./gen_be_vertloc.exe 42
The output is ./be.vertloc.dat in your working directory.
@@ -1277,7 +1229,7 @@
5) Run WRFDA in hybrid mode
In your hybrid working directory, link all the necessary files and directories as follows:
-> ln -fs ./ep/* . > ln -fs ./wrfout_d01_2006-10-28_00:00:00.mean ./fg (first guess is the ensemble mean) > ln -fs WRFDA/run/LANDUSE.TBL . > ln -fs $DAT_DIR/Hybrid/ob/2006102800/ob.ascii ./ob.ascii (or ob.bufr) > ln -fs $DAT_DIR/Hybrid/be/be.dat ./be.dat > ln fs WRFDA/var/build/da_wrfvar.exe . > cp $DAT_DIR/Hybrid/namelist.input .
+> ln -fs ./ep/* . > ln -fs ./wrfout_d01_2006-10-28_00:00:00.mean ./fg (first guess is the ensemble mean) > ln -fs $WRFDA_DIR/run/LANDUSE.TBL . > ln -fs $DAT_DIR/Hybrid/ob/2006102800/ob.ascii ./ob.ascii (or ob.bufr) > ln -fs $DAT_DIR/Hybrid/be/be.dat ./be.dat > ln fs $WRFDA_DIR/var/build/da_wrfvar.exe . > cp $DAT_DIR/Hybrid/namelist.input .
Edit namelist.input, paying special attention to the following hybrid-related settings:
&wrfvar7 je_factor = 2.0 / &wrfvar16 e
nsdim_alpha = 10 alphacv_method = 2 alpha_corr_type=3 alpha_corr_scale = 1500.0 alpha_std_dev=1.000 alpha_vertloc = .true. /
Finally, execute the WRFDA file, running in hybrid mode
@@ -1286,17 +1238,26 @@
c. Hybrid namelist options
-1) je_factor : ensemble covariance weighting factor. This factor controls the weighting component of ensemble and static covariances. The corresponding jb_factor = je_factor/(je_factor - 1).
-2) ensdim_alpha: the number of ensemble members. Hybrid mode is activated when ensdim_alpha is larger than zero.
-3) alphacv_method: 1=perturbations in control variable space (psi,chi_u,t_u,rh,ps_u); 2=perturbations in model space (u,v,t,q,ps). Option 2 is extensively tested and recommended to use.
-4) alpha_corr_type: correlation function. 1=Exponential; 2=SOAR; 3=Gaussian.
-5) alpha_corr_scale: hybrid covariance localization scale in km unit. Default value is 1500.
-6) alpha_std_dev: alpha standard deviation. Default value is 1.0 7) alpha_vertloc: for vertical localization. .true.=use vertical localization; .false.=no vertical localization
+je_factor
+ensemble covariance weighting factor. This factor controls the weighting compone
nt of ensemble and static covariances. The corresponding jb_factor = je_factor/(je_factor - 1).
+ensdim_alpha
+the number of ensemble members. Hybrid mode is activated when ensdim_alpha is larger than zero
+alphacv_method
+1=perturbations in control variable space (psi,chi_u,t_u,rh,ps_u); 2=perturbations in model space (u,v,t,q,ps). Option 2 is extensively tested and recommended to use.
+alpha_corr_type
+correlation function. 1=Exponential; 2=SOAR; 3=Gaussian.
+alpha_corr_scale
+hybrid covariance localization scale in km unit. Default value is 1500.
+alpha_std_dev
+alpha standard deviation. Default value is 1.0
+alpha_vertloc
+for vertical localization. .true.=use vertical localization; .false.=no vertical localization
Description of Namelist Variables
WRFDA namelist variables.
-Variable NamesDefault ValueDescription&wrfvar1write_incrementsfalse.true.: write out a binary analysis increment filevar4dfalse.true.: 4D-Var mode
var4d_lbctrue.true.: on/off for lateral boundary control in 4D-Varvar4d_bin3600seconds, observation sub-window length for 4D-Var var4d_bin_rain3600second, precipitation observation sub-window length for 4D-Var multi_inc0> 0: multi-incremental runprint_detail_radarfalseprint_detail_xxx: output extra (sometimes can be too many) diagnostics for debugging; not recommended to turn them on for production runsprint_detail_xafalseprint_detail_xbfalseprint_detail_obsfalseprint_detail_gradfalse.true.: to print out a detailed gradient of each observation type at each iterationcheck_max_iv_printtrueobsolete (used only by Radar)&wrfvar2analysis_accu900in seconds, if the time difference between the namelist setting (analysis_date) and date info read-in from the first guess is larger than analysis_accu, WRFDA will issue a warning message ("=======> Wrong xb time found???"), but won't abort.
-calc_w_incrementfalse.true.:
the increment of the vertical velocity, W, will be diagnosed based on the increments of other fields. If there is information on the W from observations assimilated, such as the Radar radial velocity, the W increments are always computed, whether calc_w_increment=true. or .false.
-.false.: the increment of the vertical velocity W is zero if no W information is assimilated.&wrfvar3fg_format1 1: fg_format_wrf_arw_regional (default)
+Variable NamesDefault ValueDescription&wrfvar1write_incrementsfalse.true.: write out a binary analysis increment filevar4dfalse.true.: 4D-Var modevar4d_lbctrue.true.: on/off for lateral boundary control in 4D-Varvar4d_bin3600seconds, observation sub-window length for 4D-Var var4d_bin_rain3600seconds, precipitation observation sub-window length for 4D-Var multi_inc0> 0: multi-incremental runprint_detail_radarfalseprint_detail_xxx: output extra (sometimes can be too many) diagnostics for debugging;
not recommended to turn these on for production runsprint_detail_xafalseprint_detail_xbfalseprint_detail_obsfalseprint_detail_gradfalse.true.: to print out a detailed gradient of each observation type at each iterationcheck_max_iv_printtrueobsolete (used only by Radar)&wrfvar2analysis_accu900in seconds, if the time difference between the namelist setting (analysis_date) and date info read-in from the first guess is larger than analysis_accu, WRFDA will issue a warning message ("=======> Wrong xb time found???"), but won't abort.
+calc_w_incrementfalse.true.: the increment of the vertical velocity, W, will be diagnosed based on the increments of other fields.
+.false.: the increment of the vertical velocity W is zero if no W information is assimilated.
+If there is information on the W from observations assimilated, such as radar radial velocity, the W increments are always computed, whether calc_w_increment=true. or .false.
&wrfvar3fg_format1 1: fg_format_wrf_arw_regional (default)
2: fg_format_wrf_nmm_regional
3: fg_format_wrf_arw_global
4: fg_format_kma_global
@@ -1307,26 +1268,25 @@
> 1: number of time slots for FGAT and 4DVAR &wrfvar4thin_convtruefor ob_format=1 (NCEP PREPBUFR) only. thinning is mandatory for ob_format=1, as time-duplicate data are "thinned" within the thinning routine; however, thin_conv can be set to .false. for debugging purpose.thin_mesh_conv 20. (max_instruments)for ob_format=1 (NCEP PREPBUFR) only.
km, each observation type can set its thinning mesh and the index/order follows the definition in
WRFDA/var/da/da_control/da_control.f90thin_rainobstrue.true.: perform thinning on preciptation datause_synopobstrueuse_xxxobs - .true.: assimilate xxx obs if available
-.false.: not assimilate xxx obs even available
+.false.: do not assimilate xxx obs even available
use_shipsobstrueuse_metarobstrueuse_soundobstrueuse_pilotobstrueuse_airepobstrueuse_geoamvobstrueuse_polaramvobstrueuse_bogusobstrueuse_buoyobstrueuse_profilerobstrueuse_satemobstrueuse_gpspwo
bstrueuse_gpsrefobstrueuse_qscatobstrueuse_radarobsfalseuse_radar_rvfalseuse_radar_rffalseuse_rainobsfalseuse_airsretobstrue ; use_hirs2obs, use_hirs3obs, use_hirs4obs, use_mhsobs
; use_msuobs, use_amsuaobs, use_amsubobs, use_airsobs,
; use_eos_amsuaobs, use_hsbobs, use_ssmisobs are
- ; radiance-related variables that only control if reading
- ; in corresponding BUFR files into WRFDA or not, but
- ; do not control if assimilate the data or not.
- ; Some more variables have to be set in &wrfvar14 in order
+ ; radiance-related variables that only control if
+ ; corresponding BUFR files are read into WRFDA or not, but
+ ; do not control if the data is assimilated or not.
+ ; Additional variables have to be set in &wrfvar14 in order
; to assimilate radiance data.use_hirs2obsfalse.true.: to read in data from hirs2.bufruse_hirs3obsfalse.true.: to read in data from hirs3.bufruse
_hirs4obsfalse.true.: to read in data from hirs4.bufruse_mhsobsfalse.true.: to read in data from mhs.bufruse_msuobsfalse.true.: to read in data from msu.bufruse_amsuaobsfalse.true.: to read in data from amsua.bufruse_amsubobsfalse.true.: to read in data from amsub.bufruse_airsobsfalse.true.: to read in data from airs.bufruse_eos_amsuaobsfalse.true.: to read in data from airs.bufruse_hsbobsfalse.true.: to read in data from hsb.bufruse_ssmisobsfalse.true.: to read in data from ssmis.bufruse_obs_errfacfalse.true.: apply obs error tuning factors if errfac.dat is available for conventional data only&wrfvar5
-check_max_ivtrue.true.: reject the observations whose innovations (O-B) are larger than a maximum value defined as a multiple of the observation error for each observation. i.e., inv > (obs_error*factor) --> fails_error_max; the default maximum value is 5 times the observation error ; the factor of 5 can be changed thr
ough max_error_* settings.max_error_t5.0maximum check_max_iv error check factor for tmax_error_uv5.0maximum check_max_iv error check factor for u and vmax_error_pw5.0maximum check_max_iv error check factor for precipitable watermax_error_ref5.0maximum check_max_iv error check factor for gps refractivitymax_error_q5.0maximum check_max_iv error check factor for specific humiditymax_error_p5.0maximum check_max_iv error check factor for pressuremax_error_thickness5.0maximum check_max_iv error check factor for thicknessmax_error_rv5.0maximum check_max_iv error check factor for radar radial velocitymax_error_rf5.0maximum check_max_iv error check factor for radar reflectivitymax_error_rain5.0maximum check_max_iv error check factor for precipitation&wrfvar6 (for minimization options)max_ext_its1number of outer loopsntmax200maximum number of iterations in an inner loopeps
+check_max_ivtrue.true.: reject the observations who
se innovations (O-B) are larger than a maximum value defined as a multiple of the observation error for each observation. i.e., inv > (obs_error*factor) --> fails_error_max; the default maximum value is 5 times the observation error ; the factor of 5 can be changed through max_error_* settings.max_error_t5.0maximum check_max_iv error check factor for tmax_error_uv5.0maximum check_max_iv error check factor for u and vmax_error_pw5.0maximum check_max_iv error check factor for precipitable watermax_error_ref5.0maximum check_max_iv error check factor for gps refractivitymax_error_q5.0maximum check_max_iv error check factor for specific humiditymax_error_p5.0maximum check_max_iv error check factor for pressuremax_error_thickness5.0maximum check_max_iv error check factor for thicknessmax_error_rv5.0maximum check_max_iv error check factor for radar radial velocitymax_error_rf5.0maximum check_max_iv error check factor for radar reflectivit
ymax_error_rain5.0maximum check_max_iv error check factor for precipitation&wrfvar6 (for minimization options)max_ext_its1number of outer loopsntmax200maximum number of iterations in an inner loopeps
0.01 (max_ext_its)minimization convergence criterion (used dimension: max_ext_its); minimization stops when the norm of the gradient of the cost function gradient is reduced by a factor of eps. inner minimization stops either when the criterion is met or when inner iterations reach ntmax.orthonorm_gradientfalse.true.: the gradient vectors are stored during the Conjugate Gradient for each iteration and used to re-orthogonalize the new gradient. This requires extra storage of large vectors (each one being the size of the control variable) but results in a better convergence of the Conjugate Gradient after around 20 iterations.&wrfvar7cv_options53: NCEP Background Error model
5: NCAR Background Error model (default)
6: Use of multivariate bac
kground error statisticsas1(3)-1.0tuning factors for variance, horizontal and vertical scales for control variable 1 = stream function. For cv_options=3 only. The actual default values are 0.25, 1.0, 1.5.as2(3)-1.0tuning factors for variance, horizontal and vertical scales for control variable 2 - unbalanced potential velocity. For cv_options=3 only. The actual default values are 0.25, 1.0, 1.5.as3(3)-1.0tuning factors for variance, horizontal and vertical scales for control variable 3 - unbalanced temperature. For cv_options=3 only. The actual default values are 0.25, 1.0, 1.5.as4(3) -1.0tuning factors for variance, horizontal and vertical scales for control variable 4 - pseudo relative humidity. For cv_options=3 only. The actual default values are 0.25, 1.0, 1.5.as5(3)-1.0tuning factors for variance, horizontal and vertical scales for control variable 5 - unbalanced surface pressure. For cv_options=3 only. The actual default values are 0.25, 1.0, 1.5.
rf_passes6number of passes of recursive filter.var_scaling11.0tuning factor of background error covariance for control variable 1 - stream function. For cv_options=5 only.var_scaling21.0tuning factor of background error covariance for control variable 2 - unbalanced velocity potential. For cv_options=5 only.var_scaling31.0tuning factor of background error covariance for control variable 3 - unbalanced temperature. For cv_options=5 only.var_scaling41.0tuning factor of background error covariance for control variable 4 - pseudo relative humidity. For cv_options=5 only.var_scaling51.0tuning factor of background error covariance for control variable 5 - unbalanced surface pressure. For cv_options=5 only.len_scaling11.0tuning factor of scale-length for stream function. For cv_options=5 only.len_scaling21.0tuning factor of scale-length for unbalanced velocity potential. For cv_options=5 only.len_scaling31.0tuning factor of scale-length for unba
lanced temperature. For cv_options=5 only.len_scaling41.0tuning factor of scale-length for pseudo relative humidity. For cv_options=5 only.len_scaling51.0tuning factor of scale-length for unbalanced surface pressure. For cv_options=5 only.je_factor1.0ensemble covariance weighting factor&wrfvar8 ;not used&wrfvar9for program tracing. trace_use=.true. gives additional performance diagnostics (calling tree, local routine timings, overall routine timings, & memory usage). It does not change results, but does add runtime overhead.stdout6unit number for standard outputstderr0unit number for error outputtrace_unit7Unit number for tracing output. Note that units 10 and 9 are reserved for reading namelist.input and writing namelist.output respectively.trace_pe0Currently, statistics are always calculated for all processors, and output by processor 0.trace_repeat_head10the number of times any trace statement will produce output for any
particular routine. This stops overwhelming trace output when a routine is called multiple times. Once this limit is reached a 'going quiet' message is written to the trace file, and no more output is produced from the routine, though statistics are still gathered.trace_repeat_body10see trace_repeat_head descriptiontrace_max_depth30define the deepest level to which tracing writes outputtrace_usefalse.true.: activate tracingtrace_use_frequentfalsetrace_use_dullfalsetrace_memorytrue.true.: calculate allocated memory using a mallinfo call. On some platforms (Cray and Mac), mallinfo is not available and no memory monitoring can be done.trace_all_pesfalse.true.: tracing is output for all pes. As stated in trace_pe, this does not change processor statistics.trace_csvtrue.true.: tracing statistics are written to a xxxx.csv file in CSV formatuse_htmltrue.true.: tracing and error reporting routines will include HTML tags.warnings_are_fatalfalse
.true.: warning messages that would normally allow the program to continue are treated as fatal errors.&wrfvar10 (for code developer)test_transformsfalse.true.: perform adjoint teststest_gradientfalse.true.: perform gradient test&wrfvar11cv_options_hum1do not changecheck_rh00 --> No supersaturation check after minimization.
1 --> supersaturation (rh> 100%) and minimum rh (rh<10%) check, and make the local adjustment of q.
-2 --> supersaturation (rh> 95%) and minimum rh (rh<11%) check and make the multi-level q adjustment under the constraint of conserved column integrated water vaporsfc_assi_options11 --> surface observations will be assimilated based on the lowest model level first guess. Observations are not used when the height difference of the elevation of the observing
-site and the lowest model level height is larger than 100m.
+2 --> supersaturation (rh> 95%) and minimum rh (rh<11%) check and
make the multi-level q adjustment under the constraint of conserved column integrated water vaporsfc_assi_options11 --> surface observations will be assimilated based on the lowest model level first guess. Observations are not used when the elevation difference between the observing site and the lowest model level is larger than 100m.
2 --> surface observations will be assimilated based on surface similarity theory in PBL. Innovations are computed based on 10-m wind, 2-m temperature and 2-m moisture.calculate_cg_cost_fnfalseconjugate gradient algorithm does not require the computation of cost function at every iteration during minimization.
-.true.: Compute and write out cost function and gradient of each iteration into files called cost_fn and grad_fn.
-false.: Only the initial and final cost functions are computed and output.lat_stats_optionfalsedo not change&wrfvar12balance_type1obsolete&wrfvar13vert_corr2do not changevertical_i
p0obsoletevert_evalue1do not changemax_vert_var199.0specify the maximum truncation value (in percentage) to explain the variance of stream function in eigenvector decompositionmax_vert_var299.0specify the maximum truncation value (in percentage) to explain the variance of unbalanced potential velocity in eigenvector decompositionmax_vert_var399.0specify the maximum truncation value (in percentage) to explain the variance of the unbalanced temperature in eigenvector decompositionmax_vert_var499.0specify the maximum truncation value (percentage) to explain the variance of pseudo relative humidity in eigenvector decompositionmax_vert_var599.0for unbalanced surface pressure, it should be a non-zero positive numer.
+.true.: Compute and write out cost function and gradient for each iteration into files cost_fn and grad_fn.
+false.: Only the initial and final cost functions are computed and output.lat_stats_optionfalsedo not change&wrfvar12ba
lance_type1obsolete&wrfvar13vert_corr2do not changevertical_ip0obsoletevert_evalue1do not changemax_vert_var199.0specify the maximum truncation value (percentage) to explain the variance of stream function in eigenvector decompositionmax_vert_var299.0specify the maximum truncation value (percentage) to explain the variance of unbalanced potential velocity in eigenvector decompositionmax_vert_var399.0specify the maximum truncation value (percentage) to explain the variance of the unbalanced temperature in eigenvector decompositionmax_vert_var499.0specify the maximum truncation value (percentage) to explain the variance of pseudo relative humidity in eigenvector decompositionmax_vert_var599.0for unbalanced surface pressure, it should be a non-zero positive number.
set max_vert_var5=0.0 only for offline VarBC applications.
&wrfvar14the following 4 variables (rtminit_nsensor, rtminit_platform, rtminit_satid, rtminit_sensor) t
ogether control what sensors to be assimilated.rtminit_nsensor1total number of sensors to be assimilatedrtminit_platform-1
@@ -1335,8 +1295,8 @@
(max_instruments)sensor IDs array (used dimension: rtminit_nsensor); e.g., 0 for HIRS, 3 for AMSU-A, 4 for AMSU-B, 15 for MHS, 10 for SSMIS, 11 for AIRSrad_monitoring0
(max_instruments)integer array (used dimension: rtminit_nsensor); 0: assimilating mode;
1: monitoring mode (only calculate innovations)thinning_mesh60.0
-(max_instruments)real array (used dimension: rtminit_nsensor); specify thinning mesh size (in KM) for different sensors.thinningfalse.true.: perform thinning on radiance dataqc_radtrue.true.: perform quality control. always .true.write_iv_rad_asciifalse.true.: output radiance Observation minus Background files, which are in ASCII format and separated by sensors and processors.write_oa_rad_asciifalse.true.: output radiance Observation minus Analysis files (Observation minus Background information is also included), which are in ASCII format and separated by sensors and processors.use_error_factor_radfalse.true.: use a radianc
e error tuning factor file "radiance_error.factor", which can be created with empirical values or generated using variational tuning method (Desroziers and Ivanov, 2001)use_antcorrfalse
-(max_instruments).true.: perform Antenna Correction in CRTMrtm_option1what RTM (Radiative Transfer Model) to use 1: RTTOV (WRFDA needs to compile with RTTOV) 2: CRTM (WRFDA needs to compile with CRTM)only_sea_radfalse.true.: assimilate radiance over water onlyuse_varbcfalse.true.: perform Variational Bias Correction. A parameter file in ASCII format called VARBC.in (a template is provided with the source code tar ball) is required.freeze_varbcfalse.true: together with use_varbc=.false., keep the VarBC bias parameters constant in time. In this case, the bias correction is read and applied to the innovations, but it is not updated during the minimization.varbc_factor1.0for scaling the VarBC preconditioningvarbc_nobsmin10defines the minimum number of obse
rvations required for the computation of the predictor statistics during the first assimilation cycle. If there are not enough data (according to "VARBC_NOBSMIN") on the first cycle, the next cycle will perform a coldstart again.airs_warmest_fovfalse.true.: uses the observation brightness temperature forAIRS Window channel #914 as criterion for GSI thinning (with a higher amplitude than the distance from the observation location to the nearest grid point).use_crtm_kmatrixfalse.true. use CRTM K matrix rather than calling CRTM TL and AD routines for gradient calculation, which reduces runtime noticeably.use_rttov_kmatrixfalse.true. use RTTOV K matrix rather than calling RTTOV TL and AD routines for gradient calculation, which reduces runtime noticeably.rttov_emis_atlas_ir00: do not use IR emissivity atlas
+(max_instruments)real array (used dimension: rtminit_nsensor); specify thinning mesh size (in km) for different sensors.thinningfalse.true
.: perform thinning on radiance dataqc_radtrue.true.: perform quality control. Do not change.write_iv_rad_asciifalse.true.: output radiance Observation minus Background files, which are in ASCII format and separated by sensor and processor.write_oa_rad_asciifalse.true.: output radiance Observation minus Analysis files (Observation minus Background information is also included), which are in ASCII format and separated by sensor and processor.use_error_factor_radfalse.true.: use a radiance error tuning factor file radiance_error.factor, which can be created with empirical values or generated using variational tuning method (Desroziers and Ivanov, 2001)use_antcorrfalse
+(max_instruments).true.: perform Antenna Correction in CRTMrtm_option1which RTM (Radiative Transfer Model) to use (WRFDA must be compiled with the desired model included, see first section for details) 1: RTTOV 2: CRTM only_sea_radfalse.true.: assimilate radiance over water onlyus
e_varbcfalse.true.: perform Variational Bias Correction. A parameter file in ASCII format called VARBC.in (a template is provided with the source code tar ball) is required.freeze_varbcfalse.true: together with use_varbc=.false., keep the VarBC bias parameters constant in time. In this case, the bias correction is read and applied to the innovations, but it is not updated during the minimization.varbc_factor1.0for scaling the VarBC preconditioningvarbc_nobsmin10defines the minimum number of observations required for the computation of the predictor statistics during the first assimilation cycle. If there are not enough data (according to "VARBC_NOBSMIN") on the first cycle, the next cycle will perform a coldstart again.airs_warmest_fovfalse.true.: uses the observation brightness temperature forAIRS Window channel #914 as criterion for GSI thinning (with a higher amplitude than the distance from the observation location to the nearest grid point).
use_crtm_kmatrixfalse.true. use CRTM K matrix rather than calling CRTM TL and AD routines for gradient calculation, which reduces runtime noticeably.use_rttov_kmatrixfalse.true. use RTTOV K matrix rather than calling RTTOV TL and AD routines for gradient calculation, which reduces runtime noticeably.rttov_emis_atlas_ir00: do not use IR emissivity atlas
1: use IR emissivity atlas (recommended)rttov_emis_atlas_mw00: do not use MW emissivity atlas
1: use TELSEM MW emissivity atlas (recommended)
2: use CNRM MW emissivity atlas&wrfvar15 (needs to be set together with &wrfvar19)num_pseudo0Set the number of pseudo observations, either 0 or 1 (single ob)pseudo_x1.0Set the x-position (I) of the OBS in unit of grid-point.pseudo_y1.0Set the y-position (J) of the OBS in unit of grid-point.pseudo_z1.0Set the z-position (K) of OBS with the vertical level index, in bottom-up order.pseudo_val1.0Set the innovation of the ob; wind in m/s, p
ressure in Pa, temperature in K, specific humidity in kg/kg
@@ -1354,8 +1314,8 @@
"pw": total precipitable water
"ref": refractivity
"ztd": zenith total delay&wrfvar20documentation_urlhttp://www.mmm.ucar.edu/people/wrfhelp/wrfvar/code/trunk&wrfvar21time_window_min"2002-08-02_21:00:00.0000"start time of assimilation time window used for ob_format=1 and radiances to select observations inside the defined time_window. Note: Start from V3.1, this variable is also used for ob_format=2 to double-check if the obs are within the specified time window.
-&wrfvar22time_window_max"2002-08-03_03:00:00.0000"end time of assimilation time window used for ob_format=1 and radiances to select observations inside the defined time_window. Note: Start from V3.1, this variable is also used for ob_format=2 to double-check if the obs are within the specified time window.&perturbation (settings related to the 4D-Var)jcdfi_usefalse.true.: Include JcDF term in cost function.
-.False.: Ignor
e JcDF term in cost function.jcdfi_diag10: Doesn't print out the value of Jc.
+&wrfvar22time_window_max"2002-08-03_03:00:00.0000"end time of assimilation time window used for ob_format=1 and radiances to select observations inside the defined time_window. Note: this variable is also used for ob_format=2 to double-check if the obs are within the specified time window.&perturbation (settings related to the 4D-Var)jcdfi_usefalse.true.: Include JcDF term in cost function.
+.false.: Ignore JcDF term in cost function.jcdfi_diag10: Doesn't print out the value of Jc.
1:Print out the value of Jc.jcdfi_penalty10The weight to Jc term.enable_identity.false..true.: use identity adjoint and tangent linear model in 4D-Var.
.false.: use full adjoint and tangent linear model in 4D-Var.trajectory_io.true..true.: use memory I/O in 4D-Var for data exchange
.false.: use disk I/O in 4D-Var for data exchangevar4d_detail_outfalse.true.: outpu
t extra diagnostics for debugging 4D-Var
@@ -1393,10 +1353,10 @@
-WRF-ARW V3: Users Guide 6- PAGE 40
+WRF-ARW V3: Users Guide 6- PAGE 38
-WRF-ARW V3: Users Guide 6- PAGE 21
+WRF-ARW V3: Users Guide 6- PAGE 39
@@ -1417,7 +1377,7 @@
-WRF-ARW V3: Users Guide 6- PAGE 44
+WRF-ARW V3: Users Guide 6- PAGE 42
WRF-ARW V3: Users Guide 6- PAGE 43
@@ -1441,10 +1401,10 @@
-WRF-ARW V3: Users Guide 6- PAGE 64
+WRF-ARW V3: Users Guide 6- PAGE 60
-WRF-ARW V3: Users Guide 6- PAGE 65
+WRF-ARW V3: Users Guide 6- PAGE 59
@@ -1452,7 +1412,7 @@
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- # 4 a[yt O $G$ If ]gd O ` kd0; $$If 4F [ P# r
- # 4 a[yt O ` kd1; $$If 4F [ P# r
- # 4 a[yt O $G$ If ]gd O ŵ ʵ ˵ ̵ 0 ` kd2; $$If 4F [ P# r
- # 4 a[yt O $G$ If ]gd O ` kdL2; $$If 4F [ P# r
- # 4 a[yt O ̵ ڵ ߵ ` kdT3; $$If 4F [ P# r
- # 4 a[yt O $G$ If ]gd O / 5 C I W ] l r Ŷ ƶ Ҷ ٶ ( 6 d p Թ L Y ź Ѻ 9 I ƻ b c & X f ? L ~ Ծ # 1 b c w ȿ ɿ hq. 5
-hq. NH
-hq. 0J[ hD% hq. CJ OJ QJ hq. CJ OJ QJ hq. Q
- 0 ` kd\4; $$If 4F [ P# r
- # 4 a[yt O $G$ If ]gd O ` kd3; $$If 4F [ P# r
- # 4 a[yt O / 4 5 ` kd4; $$If 4F [ P# r
- # 4 a[yt O $G$ If ]gd O 5 6 C H I J 0 ` kd5; $$If 4F [ P# r
- # 4 a[yt O $G$ If ]gd O ` kdd5; $$If 4F [ P# r
- # 4 a[yt O J W \ ] ^ l q r ` kdl6; $$If 4F [ P# r
- # 4 a[yt O $G$ If ]gd O r s 0 ` kdt7; $$If 4F [ P# r
- # 4 a[yt O $G$ If ]gd O ` kd6; $$If 4F [ P# r
- # 4 a[yt O ` kd7; $$If 4F [ P# r
- # 4 a[yt O $G$ If ]gd O Ķ Ŷ ƶ 0 ` kd 9; $$If 4F [ P# r
- # 4 a[yt O $G$ If ]gd O ` kd|8; $$If 4F [ P# r
- # 4 a[yt O ƶ Ҷ ض ٶ ڶ ` kd9; $$If 4F [ P# r
- # 4 a[yt O $G$ If ]gd O , h ݷ L
- $If ]gd O $G$ If ]gd O ` kd:; $$If 4F [ P# r
- # 4 a[yt O ĸ ( X ^ kd:; $$If F [ P# r
- # 4 a[yt O $G$ If ]gd O 8 kd:; $$If [P# # # 4 a[yt O ( ) 6 < d e 2 ^ kd;; $$If F [ P# r
- # 4 a[yt O $G$ If ]gd O ^ kdX;; $$If F [ P# r
- # 4 a[yt O e p v Թ ^ kdP<; $$If F [ P# r
- # 4 a[yt O $G$ If ]gd O Թ չ 2 ^ kdH=; $$If F [ P# r
- # 4 a[yt O $G$ If ]gd O ^ kd<; $$If F [ P# r
- # 4 a[yt O $ L M Y _ ^ kd=; $$If F [ P# r
- # 4 a[yt O $G$ If ]gd O ź n $G$ If ]gd O $G$ If ]gd O ^ kd@>; $$If F [ P# r
- # 4 a[yt O ź ƺ Ѻ 0 ^ kdB?; $$If F [ P# r
- # 4 a[yt O $G$ If ]gd O ` kd>; $$If )F [ P# r
- # 4 a[yt O 9 : I O $7$ G$ If gd O ^ kd?; $$If F [ P# r
- # 4 a[yt O $G$ If ]gd O ƻ ˻ K ? $7$ G$ If gd O 8 kd@; $$If [P# # # 4 a[yt O
- $If ]gd O $G$ If ]gd O ^ kd:@; $$If F [ P# r
- # 4 a[yt O & * X Y 2 ^ kdA; $$If F [ P# r
- # 4 a[yt O $G$ If ]gd O ^ kdA; $$If F [ P# r
- # 4 a[yt O Y f j ^ kdA; $$If F [ P# r
- # 4 a[yt O $G$ If ]gd O ? @ 2 ^ kdB; $$If F [ P# r
- # 4 a[yt O $G$ If ]gd O ^ kdzB; $$If F [ P# r
- # 4 a[yt O @ L P Ծ ^ kdrC; $$If F [ P# r
- # 4 a[yt O $G$ If ]gd O Ծ վ # $ 2 ^ kdjD; $$If F [ P# r
- # 4 a[yt O $G$ If ]gd O ^ kdC; $$If F [ P# r
- # 4 a[yt O $ 1 5 w x ȿ ^ kdD; $$If F [ P# r
- # 4 a[yt O $G$ If ]gd O ȿ ɿ ؿ ܿ 2 ^ kdE; $$If F [ P# r
- # 4 a[yt O $G$ If ]gd O ^ kdbE; $$If F [ P# r
- # 4 a[yt O ɿ ؿ ܿ
- ! 9 : ; H ` g ( 4 i q / 7 b c t ' 5 = K T b ( [ \ } ڵ h:n hq. CJ OJ QJ
-hq. NH hq. CJ OJ QJ h:n hq. 5 hq. 5h hq. NH h hq. hq. hYR hq. CJ OJ QJ G ; < H J ` a g k X ^ kdF; $$If F [ P# r
- # 4 a[yt O 8 kdZF; $$If [P# # # 4 a[yt O $G$ If ]gd O
- $If ]gd O $G$ If ]gd O ^ kd&G; $$If F [ P# r
- # 4 a[yt O 2 ^ kd H; $$If F [ P# r
- # 4 a[yt O $G$ If ]gd O ^ kdG; $$If F [ P# r
- # 4 a[yt O ( ) 4 6 U ~
+ Я ޯ . 4 C I Z ` n t ư հ ۰ ' . / ; B R _ m ʲ + Y g ѳ ݳ A O } ƴ 2 > j x # % 3 ζ ϶ ķ ҷ
+
+hq. NH h*K
+hq. 0J[ hc hD% hq. CJ OJ QJ hq. CJ OJ QJ hq. R 0 ` kd 5; $$If 4F [ P# r
+ # 4 a[yt O $G$ If ]gd O ` kd|4; $$If 4F [ P# r
+ # 4 a[yt O
+ ` kd5; $$If 4F [ P# r
+ # 4 a[yt O $G$ If ]gd O ! . 3 4 5 0 ` kd6; $$If 4F [ P# r
+ # 4 a[yt O $G$ If ]gd O ` kd6; $$If 4F [ P# r
+ # 4 a[yt O 5 C H I J Z _ ` ` kd7; $$If 4F [ P# r
+ # 4 a[yt O $G$ If ]gd O ` a n s t u 0 ` kd8; $$If 4F [ P# r
+ # 4 a[yt O $G$ If ]gd O ` kd7; $$If 4F [ P# r
+ # 4 a[yt O u ` kd8; $$If 4F [ P# r
+ # 4 a[yt O $G$ If ]gd O 0 ` kd9; $$If 4F [ P# r
+ # 4 a[yt O $G$ If ]gd O ` kd 9; $$If 4F [ P# r
+ # 4 a[yt O Ű ư ǰ հ ڰ ۰ ` kd(:; $$If 4F [ P# r
+ # 4 a[yt O $G$ If ]gd O ۰ ܰ 0 ` kd0;; $$If 4F [ P# r
+ # 4 a[yt O $G$ If ]gd O ` kd:; $$If 4F [ P# r
+ # 4 a[yt O ` kd;; $$If 4F [ P# r
+ # 4 a[yt O $G$ If ]gd O ' - . / 0 ` kd<; $$If 4F [ P# r
+ # 4 a[yt O $G$ If ]gd O ` kd8<; $$If 4F [ P# r
+ # 4 a[yt O / ; A B C R W X ` kd@=; $$If 4F [ P# r
+ # 4 a[yt O $G$ If ]gd O X Y ѱ ?
+ $If ]gd O $G$ If ]gd O ` kd=; $$If 4F [ P# r
+ # 4 a[yt O + 1 Y Z g m X ^ kd>; $$If F [ P# r
+ # 4 a[yt O $G$ If ]gd O 8 kdH>; $$If [P# # # 4 a[yt O ѳ ҳ 2 ^ kd?; $$If F [ P# r
+ # 4 a[yt O $G$ If ]gd O ^ kd?; $$If F [ P# r
+ # 4 a[yt O ҳ ݳ
+ A ^ kd @; $$If F [ P# r
+ # 4 a[yt O $G$ If ]gd O A B O U } ~ 2 ^ kdA; $$If F [ P# r
+ # 4 a[yt O $G$ If ]gd O ^ kd@; $$If F [ P# r
+ # 4 a[yt O ~ ƴ ̴ ^ kdA; $$If F [ P# r
+ # 4 a[yt O $G$ If ]gd O 2 n $G$ If ]gd O $G$ If ]gd O ^ kdA; $$If F [ P# r
+ # 4 a[yt O 2 3 > D j k 0 ^ kdB; $$If F [ P# r
+ # 4 a[yt O $G$ If ]gd O ` kdxB; $$If )F [ P# r
+ # 4 a[yt O k x ~ $7$ G$ If gd O ^ kdzC; $$If F [ P# r
+ # 4 a[yt O $G$ If ]gd O # % & 3 8 K ? $7$ G$ If gd O 8 kdrD; $$If [P# # # 4 a[yt O
+ $If ]gd O $G$ If ]gd O ^ kdC; $$If F [ P# r
+ # 4 a[yt O ķ ŷ 2 ^ kd>E; $$If F [ P# r
+ # 4 a[yt O $G$ If ]gd O ^ kdD; $$If F [ P# r
+ # 4 a[yt O ŷ ҷ ַ
+ [ ^ kdE; $$If F [ P# r
+ # 4 a[yt O $G$ If ]gd O
+ [ j @ U ι Ϲ " # 4 5 D H v w ̺ Ӻ K L / 0 C M N % վ ݾ A B Z c $ ! h:n hq. CJ OJ QJ h:n hq. 5h hq. NH h hq. hYR hq. CJ OJ QJ hq. 5
+hq. NH hq. hq. CJ OJ QJ G[ \ j n 2 ^ kdF; $$If F [ P# r
+ # 4 a[yt O $G$ If ]gd O ^ kd6F; $$If F [ P# r
+ # 4 a[yt O @ ^ kd.G; $$If F [ P# r
+ # 4 a[yt O $G$ If ]gd O @ A U Y 2 ^ kd&H; $$If F [ P# r
+ # 4 a[yt O $G$ If ]gd O ^ kdG; $$If F [ P# r
+ # 4 a[yt O 4 ^ kdH; $$If F [ P# r
+ # 4 a[yt O $G$ If ]gd O 4 5 D H 2 ^ kdI; $$If F [ P# r
+ # 4 a[yt O $G$ If ]gd O ^ kd I; $$If F [ P# r
+ # 4 a[yt O ̺ ͺ Ӻ X ^ kdfJ; $$If F [ P# r
+ # 4 a[yt O 8 kdJ; $$If [P# # # 4 a[yt O $G$ If ]gd O
+ /
+ $If ]gd O $G$ If ]gd O ^ kdJ; $$If F [ P# r
+ # 4 a[yt O / 0 C I 2 ^ kdK; $$If F [ P# r
+ # 4 a[yt O $G$ If ]gd O ^ kd^K; $$If F [ P# r
+ # 4 a[yt O
$If ]gd O
- $G$ If ]gd O 8 kdH; $$If [P# # # 4 a[yt O $G$ If ]gd O i ~
- $G$ If ]gd O $G$ If ]gd O
^ kdH; $$If F [ P# r
- # 4 a[yt O i j q v / ~
- $G$ If ]gd O $G$ If ]gd O ^ kdfI; $$If F [ P# r
- # 4 a[yt O / 0 7 < ~
- $G$ If ]gd O $G$ If ]gd O ^ kdI; $$If F [ P# r
- # 4 a[yt O ~
- $G$ If ]gd O $G$ If ]gd O ^ kd^J; $$If F [ P# r
- # 4 a[yt O t ~
- $G$ If ]gd O $G$ If ]gd O ^ kdJ; $$If F [ P# r
- # 4 a[yt O t u 2 ^ kdK; $$If F [ P# r
- # 4 a[yt O $G$ If ]gd O ^ kdVK; $$If F [ P# r
- # 4 a[yt O ' ( 5 9 ^ kdNL; $$If F [ P# r
- # 4 a[yt O $G$ If ]gd O = > 2 ^ kdFM; $$If F [ P# r
- # 4 a[yt O $G$ If ]gd O ^ kdL; $$If F [ P# r
- # 4 a[yt O > K O T ^ kdM; $$If F [ P# r
- # 4 a[yt O $G$ If ]gd O T U b f 2 ^ kdN; $$If F [ P# r
- # 4 a[yt O $G$ If ]gd O ^ kd>N; $$If F [ P# r
- # 4 a[yt O ( , }
- $G$ If gd O ^ kd6O; $$If F [ P# r
- # 4 a[yt O $G$ If ]gd O } ~ 2 ^ kd.P; $$If F [ P# r
- # 4 a[yt O $G$ If ]gd O ^ kdO; $$If F [ P# r
- # 4 a[yt O J K U Y ~ ~
- $G$ If ]gd O ^ kdP; $$If F [ P# r
- # 4 a[yt O $G$ If ]gd O J U ~ 6 7 x c m . A f w ; F k ! + # $ U V i { . h z
-hq. 0J[ hTT hq. hTT hq. CJ OJ QJ
-hq. NH hq. 5hq. hq. CJ OJ QJ Q~ x X 8 kdQ; $$If [P# # # 4 a[yt O $G$ If ]gd O ^ kd&Q; $$If F [ P# r
- # 4 a[yt O x y 2 ^ kdnR; $$If F [ P# r
- # 4 a[yt O $G$ If ]gd O ^ kdQ; $$If F [ P# r
- # 4 a[yt O c ^ kdR; $$If F [ P# r
- # 4 a[yt O $G$ If ]gd O c d m o 2 ^ kdS; $$If F [ P# r
- # 4 a[yt O $G$ If ]gd O ^ kdfS; $$If F [ P# r
- # 4 a[yt O . / A D f ^ kd^T; $$If F [ P# r
- # 4 a[yt O $G$ If ]gd O f g w z 2 ^ kdVU; $$If F [ P# r
- # 4 a[yt O $G$ If ]gd O ^ kdT; $$If F [ P# r
- # 4 a[yt O ^ kdU; $$If F [ P# r
- # 4 a[yt O $G$ If ]gd O
- 2 ^ kdV; $$If F [ P# r
- # 4 a[yt O $G$ If ]gd O ^ kdNV; $$If F [ P# r
- # 4 a[yt O ! ; ^ kdFW; $$If F [ P# r
- # 4 a[yt O $G$ If ]gd O ; < F K 2 ^ kd>X; $$If F [ P# r
- # 4 a[yt O $G$ If ]gd O ^ kdW; $$If F [ P# r
- # 4 a[yt O k ^ kdX; $$If F [ P# r
- # 4 a[yt O $G$ If ]gd O k l X 8 kdY; $$If [P# # # 4 a[yt O $G$ If ]gd O ^ kd6Y; $$If F [ P# r
- # 4 a[yt O 2 ^ kd~Z; $$If F [ P# r
- # 4 a[yt O $G$ If ]gd O ^ kdZ; $$If F [ P# r
- # 4 a[yt O ! ~ 8 kdJ[; $$If [P# # # 4 a[yt O 8 kdZ; $$If [P# # # 4 a[yt O $G$ If ]gd O ! " + - ` i
- $If ]gd O $G$ If ]gd O
^ kd[; $$If F [ P# r
- # 4 a[yt O i j { } 2 n z z
- $7$ If gd O $7$ G$ If gd O $G$ If ]gd O ^ kd\; $$If F [ P# r
- # 4 a[yt O . 4 h
- $If ]gd O $G$ If ]gd O ^ kd\; $$If F [ P# r
- # 4 a[yt O h i z 2 ^ kd]; $$If F [ P# r
- # 4 a[yt O $G$ If ]gd O ^ kd]; $$If F [ P# r
- # 4 a[yt O z
- P Q > M r
- v w z & 5 + ? r s 6 7 b c r T b H V . < f u n hq. 5
-hq. NH hq. CJ OJ QJ
-hq. 0J[ hq. Y X ^ kdV^; $$If F [ P# r
- # 4 a[yt O 8 kd^; $$If [P# # # 4 a[yt O $G$ If ]gd O X ^ kd"_; $$If F [ P# r
- # 4 a[yt O $G$ If ]gd O 8 kd^; $$If [P# # # 4 a[yt O
- 2 ^ kd`; $$If F [ P# r
- # 4 a[yt O $G$ If ]gd O ^ kd_; $$If F [ P# r
- # 4 a[yt O ! > ` kd`; $$If JF [ P# r
- # 4 a[yt O $G$ If ]gd O > ? M R 2 ^ kda; $$If F [ P# r
- # 4 a[yt O $G$ If ]gd O ^ kda; $$If F [ P# r
- # 4 a[yt O r s
-
- $If ]gd O ^ kdb; $$If F [ P# r
- # 4 a[yt O $G$ If ]gd O
-
- P ? kd
-c; $$If ^ [P# # # 4 4
-l a[yt O $G$ If ]gd O ` kdb; $$If F [ P# r
- # 4 a[yt O
- X K
- $If ]gd O ^ kdc; $$If F [ +P# r
- ^ % # 4 a[yt O $G$ If ]gd O 8 kdUc; $$If [P# # # 4 a[yt O
- z { ~ q
- $If ]gd O
- : $G$ If ]gd O ^ kd!d; $$If F [ +P# r
- ^ % # 4 a[yt O $G$ If ]gd O
- $If ]gd O $G$ If ]gd O ^ kdd; $$If F [ +P# r
- ^ % # 4 a[yt O &
- $If ]gd O $G$ If ]gd O ^ kde; $$If F [ +P# r
- ^ % # 4 a[yt O & ' 5 ; M
- $If ]gd O $G$ If ]gd O ^ kde; $$If F [ +P# r
- ^ % # 4 a[yt O 2 ^ kdf; $$If F [ +P# r
- ^ % # 4 a[yt O $G$ If ]gd O ^ kdf; $$If F [ +P# r
- ^ % # 4 a[yt O + , ? E ^ kd g; $$If F [ +P# r
- ^ % # 4 a[yt O $G$ If ]gd O 2 ^ kdh; $$If F [ +P# r
- ^ % # 4 a[yt O $G$ If ]gd O ^ kdg; $$If F [ +P# r
- ^ % # 4 a[yt O r s ~ q
- $If ]gd O ^ kd}h; $$If F [ +P# r
- ^ % # 4 a[yt O n $G$ If ]gd O $G$ If ]gd O T ~ n $G$ If ]gd O $G$ If ]gd O ^ kdh; $$If F [ +P# r
- ^ % # 4 a[yt O T U b h 2 ^ kdi; $$If F [ +P# r
- ^ % # 4 a[yt O $G$ If ]gd O ^ kdui; $$If F [ +P# r
- ^ % # 4 a[yt O H I V \ . ^ kdmj; $$If F [ +P# r
- ^ % # 4 a[yt O $G$ If ]gd O . / < @ f ~ ~ $G$ If ]gd O
- ($G$ If ]gd O ^ kdj; $$If F [ +P# r
- ^ % # 4 a[yt O f g u x ~ ~ $G$ If ]gd O
- ($G$ If ]gd O ^ kdek; $$If F [ +P# r
- ^ % # 4 a[yt O l m 2 ^ kd]l; $$If F [ +P# r
- ^ % # 4 a[yt O $G$ If ]gd O ^ kdk; $$If F [ +P# r
- ^ % # 4 a[yt O m n o p K kdl; $$If 0 [y % # 4 a[yt O $G$ If ]gd O
- $G$ If gd O n o y z f g Z d { ( 8 & 8 B M \ 3 4 : ; D t u . c o h s 7 g r ! 0 J [ ^
-hq. 5NH h hq. h hq. CJ OJ QJ hq. 5
-hq. NH hq. hq. CJ OJ QJ
-hq. CJ K ! 2 ^ kdm; $$If F [ +P# r
- ^ % # 4 a[yt O $G$ If ]gd O ^ kd?m; $$If F [ +P# r
- ^ % # 4 a[yt O ? o ^ kd7n; $$If F [ +P# r
+ $G$ If ]gd O 8 kdVL; $$If [P# # # 4 a[yt O $G$ If ]gd O % * վ ~
+ $G$ If ]gd O $G$ If ]gd O ^ kdL; $$If F [ P# r
+ # 4 a[yt O վ ־ ݾ ~
+ $G$ If ]gd O $G$ If ]gd O ^ kd"M; $$If F [ P# r
+ # 4 a[yt O Z ~
+ $G$ If ]gd O $G$ If ]gd O ^ kdM; $$If F [ P# r
+ # 4 a[yt O Z [ c h ~
+ $G$ If ]gd O $G$ If ]gd O ^ kdN; $$If F [ P# r
+ # 4 a[yt O $ ) ~
+ $G$ If ]gd O $G$ If ]gd O ^ kdN; $$If F [ P# r
+ # 4 a[yt O 2 ^ kdO; $$If F [ P# r
+ # 4 a[yt O $G$ If ]gd O ^ kdO; $$If F [ P# r
+ # 4 a[yt O ! % " ^ kd
+P; $$If F [ P# r
+ # 4 a[yt O $G$ If ]gd O ! " 0 3 A * . / N \ = > p q 5 A 6 I { | ) H \ c s z ) 8 A B S g , - ; _ a l |
+hq. 0J[ hTT hq. hTT hq. CJ OJ QJ hq. 5
+hq. NH hq. CJ OJ QJ hq. Q" # 0 4 2 ^ kdQ; $$If F [ P# r
+ # 4 a[yt O $G$ If ]gd O ^ kdP; $$If F [ P# r
+ # 4 a[yt O 3 4 A E ^ kd~Q; $$If F [ P# r
+ # 4 a[yt O $G$ If ]gd O 2 ^ kdvR; $$If F [ P# r
+ # 4 a[yt O $G$ If ]gd O ^ kdQ; $$If F [ P# r
+ # 4 a[yt O * .
+ $G$ If gd O ^ kdR; $$If F [ P# r
+ # 4 a[yt O $G$ If ]gd O N O 2 ^ kdS; $$If F [ P# r
+ # 4 a[yt O $G$ If ]gd O ^ kdnS; $$If F [ P# r
+ # 4 a[yt O O \ ` ~
+ $G$ If ]gd O ^ kdfT; $$If F [ P# r
+ # 4 a[yt O $G$ If ]gd O
+ X 8 kd^U; $$If [P# # # 4 a[yt O $G$ If ]gd O ^ kdT; $$If F [ P# r
+ # 4 a[yt O 2 ^ kd*V; $$If F [ P# r
+ # 4 a[yt O $G$ If ]gd O ^ kdU; $$If F [ P# r
+ # 4 a[yt O 5 6 A C ^ kdV; $$If F [ P# r
+ # 4 a[yt O $G$ If ]gd O 6 7 2 ^ kdW; $$If F [ P# r
+ # 4 a[yt O $G$ If ]gd O ^ kd"W; $$If F [ P# r
+ # 4 a[yt O 7 I L ^ kdX; $$If F [ P# r
+ # 4 a[yt O $G$ If ]gd O 2 ^ kdY; $$If F [ P# r
+ # 4 a[yt O $G$ If ]gd O ^ kdX; $$If F [ P# r
+ # 4 a[yt O ) / H I \ b c ^ kdY; $$If F [ P# r
+ # 4 a[yt O $G$ If ]gd O c d s y z { 2 ^ kdZ; $$If F [ P# r
+ # 4 a[yt O $G$ If ]gd O ^ kd
+Z; $$If F [ P# r
+ # 4 a[yt O { ) * 8 > ^ kd[; $$If F [ P# r
+ # 4 a[yt O $G$ If ]gd O 2 ^ kd[; $$If F [ P# r
+ # 4 a[yt O $G$ If ]gd O ^ kd~[; $$If F [ P# r
+ # 4 a[yt O S T g m ^ kdv\; $$If F [ P# r
+ # 4 a[yt O $G$ If ]gd O , X 8 kdn]; $$If [P# # # 4 a[yt O $G$ If ]gd O ^ kd\; $$If F [ P# r
+ # 4 a[yt O , - ; A _ ` 2 ^ kd:^; $$If F [ P# r
+ # 4 a[yt O $G$ If ]gd O ^ kd]; $$If F [ P# r
+ # 4 a[yt O ` a b l m | ~ 8 kd_; $$If [P# # # 4 a[yt O 8 kd^; $$If [P# # # 4 a[yt O $G$ If ]gd O 0
+ $If ]gd O $G$ If ]gd O ^
kdV_; $$If F [ P# r
+ # 4 a[yt O J K i s ~ ) * W X s 8 9 ? C ] d i p - : E R b q 0 1 h i & 5 J K Z d 0 B hq. 5hwX
+hq. 0J[ h5 hq. CJ OJ QJ ^J aJ h5
+hq. NH hq. hq. CJ OJ QJ O s z
+ $7$ If gd O $7$ G$ If gd5 $G$ If ]gd O ^ kd_; $$If F [ P# r
+ # 4 a[yt O s t r
+ $If ]gd O $G$ If ]gd O ^ kdN`; $$If F [ P# r
+ # 4 a[yt O 2 ^ kdFa; $$If F [ P# r
+ # 4 a[yt O $G$ If ]gd O ^ kd`; $$If F [ P# r
+ # 4 a[yt O X ^ kdb; $$If F [ P# r
+ # 4 a[yt O 8 kda; $$If [P# # # 4 a[yt O $G$ If ]gd O - . : < E X ^ kdb; $$If F [ P# r
+ # 4 a[yt O $G$ If ]gd O 8 kdb; $$If [P# # # 4 a[yt O E F R T b c 2 ^ kdc; $$If F [ P# r
+ # 4 a[yt O $G$ If ]gd O ^ kdZc; $$If F [ P# r
+ # 4 a[yt O c q v ` kdRd; $$If JF [ P# r
+ # 4 a[yt O $G$ If ]gd5 $G$ If ]gd O & $G$ If ]gd5 $G$ If ]gd O ^ kdd; $$If F [ P# r
+ # 4 a[yt O & ' 5 : 2 ^ kde; $$If F [ P# r
+ # 4 a[yt O $G$ If ]gd O ^ kdNe; $$If F [ P# r
+ # 4 a[yt O W X Y Z d ` kdFf; $$If F [ P# r
+ # 4 a[yt O
+ $If ]gd O $G$ If ]gd O d e 0 x 8 kdg; $$If [P# # # 4 a[yt O $G$ If ]gd O ? kdf; $$If ^ [P# # # 4 4
+l a[yt O 0 1 B E W
+ $If ]gd O $G$ If ]gd O ^ kdag; $$If F [ +P# r
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- N _ D e s c r i p t i o n _ o f _ N a m e l i s t _ 1 B K b h t t p : / / w w w . m m m . u c a r . e d u / w r f / u s e r s / w r f d a / T u t o r i a l s / 2 0 1 0 _ A u g / t u t o r i a l _ p r e s e n t a t i o n _ s u m m e r _ 2 0 1 0 . h t m l | C H @ h t t p : / / w w w . m m m . u c a r . e d u / w r f / u s e r s / w r f d a / d o w n l o a d / f r e e _ d a t a . h t m l \ I E K h t t p : / / w w w . m m m . u c a r . e d u / w r f / u s e r s / d o c s / u s e r _ g u i d e _ V 3 / u s e r s _ g u i d e _ c h a p 7 . h t m f o r m a t B > h t t p : / / w w w . m m m . u c a r . e d u / w r f / u s e r s / w r f d a / d o w n l o a d / w r f p l u s . h t m l f Z ? A h t t p : / / w w w . m m
m . u c a r . e d u / w r f / u s e r s / w r f d a / d o w n l o a d / g e t _ s o u r c e . h t m l * & < _ R u n n i n g _ g e n _ b e _ 1 I ] 9 $ _ R u n n i n g _ O b s e r v a t i o n _ P r e p r o c e s s o r _ 1 5 ; 6 ? h t t p : / / w w w . m m m . u c a r . e d u / w r f / u s e r s / w r f d a / d o w n l o a d / t e s t d a t a . h t m l ` - 3 3 h t t p : / / w w w . m m m . u c a r . e d u / w r f / u s e r s / w r f d a / i n d e x . h t m l Q
- 0 _ D e s c r i p t i o n _ o f _ N a m e l i s t _ 1 j k - _ H y b r i d _ D a t a _ A s s i m i l a t i o n _ 2 & * _ W R F - V a r _ D i a g n o s t i c s _ 1 \ ' _ W R F D A _ w i t h _ M u l t i v a r i a t e _ 2 * U $ _ A d d i t i o n a l _ W R F D A _ E x e r c i s e s : * & ! _ R u n n i n g _ g e n _ b e _ 1 W C _ U p d a t i n g _ W R F _ l a t e r a l _ 1 P r e c i p i t a t i o n 0 _ R a d i a n c e _ D a t a _ A s s i m i l a t i o n s 6 _ R u n n i n g _ W
R F - V a r _ 1 I ] $ _ R u n n i n g _ O b s e r v a t i o n _ P r e p r o c e s s o r _ 1 ; _ I n s t a l l i n g _ W R F N L _ a n d } w W R F P l u s ; _ I n s t a l l i n g _ W R F N L _ a n d @ _ I n s t a l l i n g _ W R F - V a r @ _ I n s t a l l i n g _ W R F - V a r C C _ I n t r o d u c t i o n _ 1
+ X d l t | Chapter 6: WRF-VAR MMM User Normal kavulich 124 Microsoft Office Word @ 7 @ @,xE@ @ ? L
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+ NCAR Chapter 6: WRF-VAR Title d 8 @ _PID_HLINKS A > O 4 ^ h t t p : / / w w w . m m m . u c a r . e d u / w r f / u s e r s / w r f d a / T u t o r i a l s / 2 0 1 1 _ J u l y / d a t a / w r f d a _ h y b r i d _ t e s t d a t a . t a r . g z P ` _ U p d a t i n g _ W R F _ B o u n d a r y x w < h t t p : / / w w w . m m m . u c a r . e d u / w r f / u s e r s / w r f d a / d o w n l o a d / t o o l s . h t m l j 9 N h t t p s : / / w i k i . u c a r . e d u /
d o w n l o a d / a t t a c h m e n t s / 6 0 6 2 2 4 7 7 / W R F D A _ _ u p d a t e _ f o r _ c v 6 . p d f 5 ; ? h t t p : / / w w w . m m m . u c a r . e d u / w r f / u s e r s / w r f d a / d o w n l o a d / t e s t d a t a . h t m l J . h t t p : / / w w w . n c o . n c e p . n o a a . g o v / p m b / c o d e s / G R I B 2 / > h t t p : / / w w w . m m m . u c a r . e d u / w r f / u s e r s / w r f d a / d o w n l o a d / C O N V E R T E R . g z e 7 4 h t t p : / / w w w . e m c . n c e p . n o a a . g o v / m m b / y l i n / p c p a n l / Q a n d A / V . h t t p : / / d a t a . e o l . u c a r . e d u / c o d i a c / d s s / i d = 2 1 . 0 9 3 | = ' f t p : / / f t p . e
m c . n c e p . n o a a . g o v / j c s d a / C R T M b g ~ ? h t t p : / / r e s e a r c h . m e t o f f i c e . g o v . u k / r e s e a r c h / i n t e r p r o j / n w p s a f / r t m { d h t t p : / / r e s e a r c h . m e t o f f i c e . g o v . u k / r e s e a r c h / i n t e r p r o j / n w p s a f / r t m / d o c s _ r t t o v 1 0 / u s e r s _ g u i d e _ 1 0 _ v 1 . 5 . p d f ' x V h t t p : / / r e s e a r c h . m e t o f f i c e . g o v . u k / r e s e a r c h / i n t e r p r o j / n w p s a f / r t m / r t t o v _ d e s c r i p t i o n . h t m l ' u V h t t p : / / r e s e a r c h . m e t o f f i c e . g o v . u k / r e s e a r c h / i n t e r p r o j / n w p s a f / r t m / r t t o v _ d e s c r i p t i o n . h t m l A [ r =
h t t p : / / w w w . d t c e n t e r . o r g / c o m - G S I / u s e r s / s u p p o r t / f a q s / i n d e x . p h p ? ~ o 3 h t t p : / / w w w . n c o . n c e p . n o a a . g o v / s i b / d e c o d e r s / B U F R L I B / 6 l _ R u n n i n g _ W R F - V a r _ 1 A [ i = h t t p : / / w w w . d t c e n t e r . o r g / c o m - G S I / u s e r s / s u p p o r t / f a q s / i n d e x . p h p u d f _ A d d i t i o n a l _ W R F D A _ E x e r c i s e s : _ 1 & c _ W R F - V a r _ D i a g n o s t i c s _ 1 5 ; ` ? h t t p : / / w w w . m m m . u c a r . e d u / w r f / u s e r s / w r f d a / d o w n l o a d / t e s t d a t a . h t m l O y ]
_ R u n n i n g _ g e n _ b e ; Z " _ R u n n i n g _ O b s e r v a t i o n _ P r e p r o c e s s o r Q
+ W _ D e s c r i p t i o n _ o f _ N a m e l i s t _ 1 Q
+ T _ D e s c r i p t i o n _ o f _ N a m e l i s t _ 1 Q
+ Q _ D e s c r i p t i o n _ o f _ N a m e l i s t _ 1 B N b h t t p : / / w w w . m m m . u c a r . e d u / w r f / u s e r s / w r f d a / T u t o r i a l s / 2 0 1 0 _ A u g / t u t o r i a l _ p r e s e n t a t i o n _ s u m m e r _ 2 0 1 0 . h t m l | C K @ h t t p : / / w w w . m m m . u c a r . e d u / w r f / u s e r s / w r f d a / d o w n l o a d / f r e e _ d a t a . h t m l \ I H K h t t p : / / w w w . m m m . u c a r . e d u / w r f / u s e r s / d o c s / u s e r _ g u i d e _ V 3 / u s e r s _ g u i d e _ c h a p 7 . h t m f o r m a t E > h t t p : / / w w w . m m m . u c a r . e d u / w r f / u s e r s / w r f d a / d o w n l o a d / w r f p l u s . h t m l b g B ? h t t p : / / r e s e a r
c h . m e t o f f i c e . g o v . u k / r e s e a r c h / i n t e r p r o j / n w p s a f / r t m f Z ? A h t t p : / / w w w . m m m . u c a r . e d u / w r f / u s e r s / w r f d a / d o w n l o a d / g e t _ s o u r c e . h t m l * & < _ R u n n i n g _ g e n _ b e _ 1 I ] 9 $ _ R u n n i n g _ O b s e r v a t i o n _ P r e p r o c e s s o r _ 1 5 ; 6 ? h t t p : / / w w w . m m m . u c a r . e d u / w r f / u s e r s / w r f d a / d o w n l o a d / t e s t d a t a . h t m l ` - 3 3 h t t p : / / w w w . m m m . u c a r . e d u / w r f / u s e r s / w r f d a / i n d e x . h t m l Q
+ 0 _ D e s c r i p t i o n _ o f _ N a m e l i s t _ 1 j k - _ H y b r i d _ D a t a _ A s s i m i l a t i o n _ 2 & * _ W R F - V a r _ D i a g n o s t i c s _ 1 \ ' _ W R F D A _ w i t h _ M u l t i v a r i a t e _ 2 * U $ _ A d d i t i o n a l _ W R F D A _ E x e r c i s e s : * & ! _ R u n n i n g _ g e n _ b e _ 1 W C _ U p d a t i n g _ W R F _ l a t e r a l _ 1 P r e c i p i t a t i o n 0 _ R a d i a n c e _ D a t a _ A s s i m i l a t i o n s 6 _ R u n n i n g _ W
R F - V a r _ 1 I ] $ _ R u n n i n g _ O b s e r v a t i o n _ P r e p r o c e s s o r _ 1 ; _ I n s t a l l i n g _ W R F N L _ a n d } w W R F P l u s ; _ I n s t a l l i n g _ W R F N L _ a n d @ _ I n s t a l l i n g _ W R F - V a r @ _ I n s t a l l i n g _ W R F - V a r C C _ I n t r o d u c t i o n _ 1
! " # $ % & ' ( ) * + , - . / 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 : ; < = > ? @ A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z [ \ ] ^ _ ` a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z { | } ~
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+ ! " # $ % & ' ( ) * + , - . / 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 : ; < = > ? @ A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z [ \ ] _ ` a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z { | } ~
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