<p><b>weiwang</b> 2011-10-20 12:48:41 -0600 (Thu, 20 Oct 2011)</p><p>Kellys edit for chap 6<br>
</p><hr noshade><pre><font color="gray">Modified: trunk/wrf/UsersGuide/users_guide_chap6.doc
===================================================================
--- trunk/wrf/UsersGuide/users_guide_chap6.doc 2011-10-20 18:38:46 UTC (rev 300)
+++ trunk/wrf/UsersGuide/users_guide_chap6.doc 2011-10-20 18:48:41 UTC (rev 301)
@@ -1,5 +1,4 @@
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Chapter 6: WRF Data Assimilation
@@ -19,53 +18,51 @@
HYPERLINK \l "_Description_of_Namelist_1"Description of Namelist Variables
Introduction
-Data assimilation is the technique by which observations are combined with a NWP product (the first guess or background forecast) and their respective error statistics to provide an improved estimate (the analysis) of the atmospheric (or oceanic, Jovian, whatever) state. Variational (Var) data assimilation achieves this through the iterative minimization of a prescribed cost (or penalty) function. Differences between the analysis and observations/first guess are penalized (damped) according to their perceived error. The difference between three-dimensional (3D-Var) and four-dimensional (4D-Var) data assimilation is the use of a numerical forecast model in the latter.
-The MMM Division of NCAR supports a unified (global/regional, multi-model, 3/4D-Var) model-space data assimilation system (WRFDA) for use by NCAR staff and collaborators, and is also freely available to
the general community, together with further documentation, test results, plans etc., from the WRFDA web-page HYPERLINK "http://www.mmm.ucar.edu/wrf/users/wrfda/Docs/user_guide_V3.2/users_guide_chap6.htm"http://www.mmm.ucar.edu/wrf/users/wrfda/Docs/user_guide_V3.3 HYPERLINK "http://www.mmm.ucar.edu/wrf/users/wrfda/Docs/user_guide_V3.2/users_guide_chap6.htm"/users_guide_chap6.htm.
-Various components of the WRFDA system are shown in blue in the sketch below, together with their relationship with rest of the WRF system.
+Data assimilation is the technique by which observations are combined with an NWP product (the first guess or background forecast) and their respective error statistics to provide an improved estimate (the analysis) of the atmospheric (or oceanic, Jovian, whatever) state. Variational (Var) data assimilation achieves this through the iterative minimization of a prescribed cost (or penalty) function. Differences between the analysis
and observations/first guess are penalized (damped) according to their perceived error. The difference between three-dimensional (3D-Var) and four-dimensional (4D-Var) data assimilation is the use of a numerical forecast model in the latter.
+The MMM Division of NCAR supports a unified (global/regional, multi-model, 3/4D-Var) model-space data assimilation system (WRFDA) for use by the NCAR staff and collaborators, and is also freely available to the general community, together with further documentation, test results, plans etc., from the WRFDA web-page HYPERLINK "http://www.mmm.ucar.edu/wrf/users/wrfda/Docs/user_guide_V3.2/users_guide_chap6.htm"http://www.mmm.ucar.edu/wrf/users/wrfda/Docs/user_guide_V3.3 HYPERLINK "http://www.mmm.ucar.edu/wrf/users/wrfda/Docs/user_guide_V3.2/users_guide_chap6.htm"/users_guide_chap6.htm.
+Various components of the WRFDA system are shown in blue in the sketch below, together with their relationship with the rest
of the WRF system.
-xb: first guess either from a previous WRF forecast or from WPS/REAL output.
+xb: first guess, either from a previous WRF forecast or from WPS/REAL output.
xlbc: lateral boundary from WPS/REAL output.
-xa: analysis from WRFDA data assimilation system.
+xa: analysis from the WRFDA data assimilation system.
xf: WRF forecast output.
yo: observations processed by OBSPROC. (note: PREPBUFR input, Radar and Radiance data dont go through OBSPROC)
B0: background error statistics from generic BE data (CV3) or gen_be.
R: observational and representative error statistics.
-In this chapter, you will learn how to run the various components of the WRFDA system. For training purposes, you are supplied with a test case including the following input data: a) observation file (in the format prior to OBSPROC), b) WRF netCDF background file (WPS/REAL output used as a first guess of the analysis), and c) Background error statistics (estimate of errors in the backgro
und file). You can download the test dataset from HYPERLINK "http://www.mmm.ucar.edu/wrf/users/wrfda/download/testdata.html"http://www.mmm.ucar.edu/wrf/users/wrfda/download/testdata.html. In your own work, you have to create all these input files yourselves. See the section HYPERLINK \l "_Running_Observation_Preprocessor_1"Running Observation Preprocessor for creating your observation files. See section HYPERLINK \l "_Running_gen_be_1"Running gen_be for generating your background error statistics file if you want to use cv_options=5 or cv_options=6.
-Before using your own data, we suggest that you start by running through the WRFDA related programs at least once using the supplied test case. This serves two purposes: First, you can learn how to run the programs with data we have tested ourselves, and second you can test whether your computer is adequate to run the entire modeling system. After you have done the tutorial, you can
try running other, more computationally intensive, case studies and experimenting with some of the many namelist variables.
+In this chapter, you will learn how to run the various components of the WRFDA system. For training purposes, you are supplied with a test case, including the following input data: a) observation file (in the format prior to OBSPROC), b) WRF netCDF background file (WPS/REAL output used as a first guess of the analysis), and c) Background error statistics (estimate of errors in the background file). You can download the test dataset from HYPERLINK "http://www.mmm.ucar.edu/wrf/users/wrfda/download/testdata.html"http://www.mmm.ucar.edu/wrf/users/wrfda/download/testdata.html. In your own work, you will have to create all these input files yourself. See the section HYPERLINK \l "_Running_Observation_Preprocessor_1"Running Observation Preprocessor for creating your observation files. See the section HYPERLINK \l "_Run
ning_gen_be_1"Running gen_be for generating your background error statistics file, if you want to use cv_options=5 or cv_options=6.
+Before using your own data, we suggest that you start by running through the WRFDA- related programs at least once, using the supplied test case. This serves two purposes: First, you can learn how to run the programs with data we have tested ourselves, and second you can test whether your computer is adequate to run the entire modeling system. After you have done the tutorial, you can try running other, more computationally intensive, case studies and experimenting with some of the many namelist variables.
WARNING: It is impossible to test every code upgrade with every permutation of computer, compiler, number of processors, case, namelist option, etc. The namelist options that are supported are indicated in the WRFDA/var/README.namelist, and these are the default options.
-Running with your own domain, hopefully, our test case
s will have prepared you for the variety of ways in which you may wish to run WRFDA. Please inform us about your experiences.
-As a professional courtesy, we request that you include the following reference in any publications that uses of any component of the community WRFDA system:
+Hopefully, our test cases will have prepared you for the variety of ways in which you may wish to run WRFDA, with your own domain. Please inform us about your experiences.
+As a professional courtesy, we request that you include the following reference in any publications that uses any component of the community WRFDA system:
Barker, D.M., W. Huang, Y.R. Guo, and Q.N. Xiao., 2004: A Three-Dimensional (3DVAR) Data Assimilation System For Use With MM5: Implementation and Initial Results. Mon. Wea. Rev., 132, 897-914.
Huang, X.Y., Q. Xiao, D.M. Barker, X. Zhang, J. Michalakes, W. Huang, T. Henderson, J. Bray, Y. Chen, Z. Ma, J. Dudhia, Y. Guo, X. Zhang, D.J. Won, H.C. Lin, and Y.H. Kuo, 200
9: Four-Dimensional Variational Data Assimilation for WRF: Formulation and Preliminary Results. Mon. Wea. Rev., 137, 299314.
-Running WRFDA requires a Fortran 90 compiler. We have currently tested the WRFDA on the following platforms: IBM (XLF), SGI Altix (INTEL), PC/Linux (PGI, INTEL, GFORTRAN), and Apple (G95/PGI). Please let us know if this does not meet your requirements, and we will attempt to add other machines to our list of supported architectures as resources allow. Although we are interested to hear of your experiences on modifying compile options, we do not yet recommend making changes to the configure file used to compile WRFDA.
+Running WRFDA requires a Fortran 90 compiler. We have currently tested the WRFDA on the following platforms: IBM (XLF), SGI Altix (INTEL), PC/Linux (PGI, INTEL, GFORTRAN), and Apple (G95/PGI). Please let us know if this does not meet your requirements, and we will attempt to add other machines to our list of supported architectures, as
resources allow. Although we are interested to hear about your experiences on modifying compile options, we do not yet recommend making changes to the configure file used to compile WRFDA.
Installing WRFDA for 3D-Var Run
Obtaining WRFDA Source Code
Users can download the WRFDA source code from HYPERLINK "http://www.mmm.ucar.edu/wrf/users/wrfda/download/get_source.html"http://www.mmm.ucar.edu/wrf/users/wrfda/download/get_source.html.
-After the tar file is unzipped (gunzip WRFDAV3.3.TAR.gz) and untarred (untar WRFDAV3.3.TAR), the directory WRFDA should be created; this directory contains the WRFDA source, external libraries, and fixed files. The following is a list of the system components and the content for each directory:
+After the tar file is unzipped (gunzip WRFDAV3.3.TAR.gz) and untarred (untar WRFDAV3.3.TAR), the directory WRFDA should be created. This directory contains the WRFDA source, external libraries, and fixed files. The following is a lis
t of the system components and the content for each directory:
-Directory NameContentvar/daWRFDA source code var/runFixed input files required by WRFDA, such as background error covariance, and radiance related files CRTM coefficients, radiance_info and VARBC.in.var/external
-Library needed by WRFDA, include crtm, bufr, lapack, blasvar/obsprocObsproc source code , namelist, and observation error file.var/gen_be
-Source code of generate background errorvar/buildBuild all .exe files.
+Directory NameContentvar/daWRFDA source code var/runFixed input files required by WRFDA, such as background error covariance, and radiance-related files CRTM coefficients, radiance_info and VARBC.in.var/external
+Library needed by WRFDA, includes crtm, bufr, lapack, blasvar/obsprocObsproc source code, namelist, and observation error file.var/gen_be
+Source code of generated background errorvar/buildBuilds all .exe files.
Compile WRFDA and Libraries
-Sta
rting from V3.1.1, some external libraries (for example, lapack, blas, and NCEP BUFR) are included in the WRFDA tar file. To compile the WRFDA code, it is necessary to have installed the netCDF library, which is the only mandatory library if only conventional observational data from LITTLE_R format file is to be used.
+Starting from V3.1.1, some external libraries (e.g., lapack, blas, and NCEP BUFR) are included in the WRFDA tar file. To compile the WRFDA code, it is necessary to have installed the netCDF library, which is the only mandatory library if only conventional observational data from LITTLE_R format file is to be used.
> setenv NETCDF your_netcdf_path
-If observational data in PREPBUFR format are to be used, an environmental variable needs to be set like (using the C-shell),
+If observational data in the PREPBUFR format are to be used, an environmental variable needs to be set like (using the C-shell),
+To have the NCEP BUFR library compiled and have the BUFR
-related WRFDA code generated and compiled after configure/compile, type:
> setenv BUFR 1
-
-To have NCEP BUFR library compiled and have BUFR-related WRFDA code generated and compiled after configure/compile.
-If satellite radiance data are to be used, in addition to NCEP BUFR library, RTM (Radiative Transfer Model) is required. The current RTM versions that WRFDA uses are CRTM V2.0.2 and RTTOV V10. WRFDA can compile with CRTM only, or RTTOV only, or both CRTM and RTTOV together.
+If satellite radiance data are to be used, in addition to the NCEP BUFR library, RTM (Radiative Transfer Model) is required. The current RTM versions that WRFDA uses are CRTM V2.0.2 and RTTOV V10. WRFDA can compile with CRTM only, or RTTOV only, or both CRTM and RTTOV together.
Starting from V3.2.1, CRTM V2.0.2 is included in the WRFDA tar file.
- > s e t e n v C R T M 1
+To have the CRTM
library compiled and the CRTM-related WR F D A c o d e g e n e r a t e d a n d c o m p i l e d a f t e r c o n f i g u r e / c o m p i l e , t y p e :
- T o h a v e C R T M l i b r a r y c o m p i l e d a n d C R T M - r e l a t e d W R F D A c o d e g e n e r a t e d a n d c o m p i l e d a f t e r c o n f i g u r e / c o m p i l e .
+ > s e t e n v C R T M 1
+ I f R T T O V v 1 0 i s t h e R T M t o b e u s e d f o r r a d i a n c e d a t a a s s i m i l a t i o n , t h e u s e r s h o u l d d o w n l o a d a n d i n s t a l l t h e R T T O V l i b r a r y b e f o r e c o m p i l i n g W R F D A .
- I f R T T O V v 1 0 i s t h e R T M t o b e u s e d f o r r a d i a n c e d a t a a s s i m i l a t i o n , f o r t h e u s e r s h o u l d h a v e d o w n l o a d e d a n d i n s t a l l e d t h e R T T O V l ibrar
y before compiling WRFDA.
-
-RTTOV v10 can be downloaded from http://research.metoffice.gov.uk/research/interproj/nwpsaf/rtm
+ R T T O V v 1 0 c a n b e d o w n l o a ded from http://research.metoffice.gov.uk/research/interproj/nwpsaf/rtm
After following the RTTOV documentation to compile the RTTOV library, set the RTTOV environment variable to the path where lib/librttov10.1.0_*.a reside.
> setenv RTTOV /usr/local/rttov10/pgi (in this example, there should exist /usr/local/rttov10/pgi/lib/librttov10.1.0_*.a)
@@ -73,7 +70,7 @@
Assuming all required libraries are available and the WRFDA source code is ready, start to build the WRFDA using the following steps:
To configure WRFDA, enter the WRFDA directory and type
> ./configure wrfda
-A list of configuration options for your computer should appear. Each option combines a compiler type and a parallelism option; since the configuration script doesnt check which compilers are actually available, be sure to select only among the options for compilers that are available on your system. The parallelism option allows for a single-processor (serial) compilation, shared-memory parallel (smpar) compilation, distributed-memory parallel (dmpar) compilation and distributed-memory with shared-memory parallel (sm+dm) compilation. For example, on a Macintosh computer, the above steps look like:
+A list of configuration options for your computer should appear. Each option combines a compiler type and a parallelism option. Since the configuration script doesn
t check which compilers are actually available, be sure to select only among the options for compilers that are available on your system. The parallelism option allows for a single-processor (serial) compilation, shared-memory parallel (smpar) compilation, distributed-memory parallel (dmpar) compilation and distributed-memory with shared-memory parallel (sm+dm) compilation. For example, on a Macintosh computer, the above steps look like:
> ./configure wrfda
checking for perl5... no
checking for perl... found /usr/bin/perl (perl)
@@ -106,11 +103,11 @@
Configuration successful. To build the model type compile .
After running the configuration script and choosing a compilation option, a configure.wrf file will be created. Because of the variety of ways that a computer can be configured, if the WRFDA build ultimately fails, there is a chance that minor modifications to the configure.wrf file may be needed.
-Note: WRF compiles with r4 option while WRFDA compiles with r8. For this reason, WRF and WRFDA cannot reside and be compiled under the same directory.
+Note: WRF compiles with the r4 option while WRFDA compiles with r8. For this reason, WRF and WRFDA cannot reside and be compiled under the same directory.
Hint: It is helpful to start with something simple, such as the serial build. If it is successful, move on to build dmpar code. Remember to type clean a between each build.
To compile the code, type
> ./compile all_wrfvar >&! compile.out
-Successful compilation of all_wrfvar will produce 42
executables in the var/build directory which are linked in var/da directory, as well as obsproc.exe in var/obsproc/src directory. You can list these executables by issuing the command (from WRFDA directory)
+Successful compilation of all_wrfvar will produce 42 executables in the var/build directory which are linked in the var/da directory, as well as obsproc.exe in the var/obsproc/src directory. You can list these executables by issuing the command (from the WRFDA directory)
> ls -l var/build/*exe var/obsproc/src/obsproc.exe
-rwxr-xr-x 1 users 435816 Mar 9 19:26 var/build/da_advance_time.exe
-rwxr-xr-x 1 users 1195264 Mar 9 19:27 var/build/da_bias_airmass.exe
@@ -154,60 +151,61 @@
-rwxr-xr-x 1 users 2003608 Mar 9 19:32 var/build/gen_be_vertloc.exe
-rwxr-xr-x 1 users 2155760 Mar 9 19:32 var/build/gen_mbe_stage2.exe
-rwxr-xr-x 1 users 1752352 Mar 23 09:29 var/obsproc/src/obsproc.exe
-da_wrfvar.exe is the main executable for running WRFDA. Make sure it is created after the compilation. Sometimes (unfortunately) it is possible that other utilities get successfully compiled, while the main da_wrfvar.exe fails; please check the compilation log file carefully to figure out the problem.
-The basic gen_be utility for regional model consists of gen_be_stage0_wrf.exe, gen_be_stage1.exe, gen_be_stage2.exe, gen_be_stage2a.exe, gen_be_stage3.exe, gen_be_stage4_regional.exe, and gen_be_diags.exe.
-da_updated_bc.exe is used for updating WRF low and lateral boundary condition before and after a new WRFDA analysis is generated.
+da_wrfvar.exe is the main executable for running WRFDA. Make sure it is created after the compilation. Unfortunately, sometimes it
is possible that other utilities get successfully compiled, while the main da_wrfvar.exe fails; please check the compilation log file carefully to figure out the problem, if it is not created.
+The basic gen_be utility for the regional model consists of gen_be_stage0_wrf.exe, gen_be_stage1.exe, gen_be_stage2.exe, gen_be_stage2a.exe, gen_be_stage3.exe, gen_be_stage4_regional.exe, and gen_be_diags.exe.
+da_updated_bc.exe is used for updating the WRF lower and lateral boundary conditions before and after a new WRFDA analysis is generated.
da_advance_time.exe is a very handy and useful tool for date/time manipulation. Type da_advance_time.exe to see its usage instruction.
In addition to the executables for running WRFDA and gen_be, obsproc.exe (the executable for preparing conventional data for WRFDA) compilation is also included in ./compile all_wrfvar. da_advance_time.exe
-Go to WRFDA/var/external/bufr and WRFDA/var/external/crtm to check if the libbufr.a and libcrtm.a
were generated if you use BUFR and CRTM library.
+Go to WRFDA/var/external/bufr and WRFDA/var/external/crtm to check if the libbufr.a and libcrtm.a were generated, if you use the BUFR and CRTM libraries.
Clean Compilation
To remove all object files and executables, type:
clean
To remove all build files, including configure.wrfda, type:
clean -a
-The 'clean a' command is recommended if compilation fails or configuration file is changed.
+The 'clean a' command is recommended if compilation fails or the configuration file is changed.
+
Installing WRFPLUS and WRFDA for 4D-Var Run
-If you intend to run WRF 4D-Var, it is necessary to have WRFPLUS installed. From V3.3, we release a new version of WRFDA and WRFPLUS for 4D-Var. WRFPLUS contains the adjoint and tangent linear models based on a simplified WRF model, which only include dry dynamic processes. We are developing the tangent linear and adjoint codes of several simplified physical packages.
+If you intend to r
un WRF 4D-Var, it is necessary to have WRFPLUS installed. Since V3.3, we have released a new version of WRFDA and WRFPLUS for 4D-Var. WRFPLUS contains the adjoint and tangent linear models based on a simplified WRF model, which only includes dry dynamic processes. We are developing the tangent linear and adjoint codes of several simplified physical packages.
To install WRFPLUS V3.3:
Get the WRFPLUS zipped tar file from:
HYPERLINK "http://www.mmm.ucar.edu/wrf/users/wrfda/download/wrfplus.html"http://www.mmm.ucar.edu/wrf/users/wrfda/download/wrfplus.html
-Unzip and untar the file to WRFPLUS
+Unzip and untar the file for WRFPLUS
> gzip -cd WRFPLUS3.3.TAR.gz | tar -xf -
> cd WRFPLUS
> ./configure wrfplus
serial means single processor
dmpar wrfplus.exe means Distributed Memory Parallel (MPI)
-Note: For Version 3.3 WRFDA 4D-Var, parallel run is still under development, please compile WRFPLUS3.3 with serial mode.
+Note: For Version 3.3 WRFDA 4D-
Var, the parallel run is still under development. Please compile WRFPLUS3.3 with serial mode.
Compile WRFPLUS
> ./compile em_real
> ls -ls main/*.exe
You should see wrf.exe
-To install WRFDA for 4D-Var run,
-Before you install WRFDA to run 4D-Var, environment variable should to be set with,
+To install WRFDA for the 4D-Var run:
+Before you install WRFDA to run 4D-Var, the environment variable should to be set with,
>setenv WRFPLUS_DIR ${your_source_code_dir}/WRFPLUS
-If you intend to use observational data with PREPBUFR format or if you intend to assimilate satellite radiance data, you need set environment variables for BUFR, CRTM, or RTTOV. This procedure is the same as installing WRFDA for 3D-Var run.
+If you intend to use observational data with the PREPBUFR format, or if you intend to assimilate satellite radiance data, you need to set environment variables for BUFR, CRTM, or RTTOV. This procedure is the same as installing WRFDA for the 3D-Var
run.
>./configure 4dvar
-Note: Please compile WRFDA for 4D-Var run with serial mode.
+Note: Please compile WRFDA for the 4D-Var run with serial mode.
>./compile all_wrfvar
>ls -ls var/build/*.exe
You should see da_wrfvar.exe.
Running Observation Preprocessor (OBSPROC)
-The OBSPROC program reads observations in LITTLE_R format (a legendary ASCII format, in use since the MM5 era). The LITTLE_R format is also used in OBSGRID program. Please refer to the documentation at HYPERLINK "http://www.mmm.ucar.edu/mm5/mm5v3/data/how_to_get_rawdata.html"http://www.mmm.ucar.edu/mm5/mm5v3/data/how_to_get_rawdata.html and Chapter 7 of this Users Guide for LITTLE_R format description. For your applications, you will have to prepare your own observation files. Please see HYPERLINK "http://www.mmm.ucar.edu/mm5/mm5v3/data/free_data.html"http://www.mmm.ucar.edu/mm5/mm5v3/data/free_data.html for the sources of some freely available observations and th
e program for converting the observations to LITTLE_R format. Because the raw observation data files could be in any of formats, such as ASCII, BUFR, PREPBUFR, MADIS, HDF, etc. Furthermore, for each of formats, there may be the different versions. To make WRFDA system as general as possible, the LITTLE_R format ASCII file was adopted as an intermediate observation data format for WRFDA system. Some extensions were made in the LITTLE_R format for WRFDA applications. More complete description of LITTLE_R format and conventional observation data sources for WRFDA could be found from the web page: HYPERLINK "http://www.mmm.ucar.edu/wrf/users/wrfda/Tutorials/2010_Aug/tutorial_presentation_summer_2010.html"2010 Summer Tutorial by clicking Observation Pre-processing. The conversion of the user-specific-source data to the LITTLE_R format observation data file is the users task.
+The OBSPROC program reads observations in LITTLE_R format (a legendary ASCII format, in
use since the MM5 era). The LITTLE_R format is also used in the OBSGRID program. Please refer to the documentation at HYPERLINK "http://www.mmm.ucar.edu/mm5/mm5v3/data/how_to_get_rawdata.html"http://www.mmm.ucar.edu/mm5/mm5v3/data/how_to_get_rawdata.html and Chapter 7 of this Users Guide for the LITTLE_R format description. For your applications, you will have to prepare your own observation files. Please see HYPERLINK "http://www.mmm.ucar.edu/mm5/mm5v3/data/free_data.html"http://www.mmm.ucar.edu/mm5/mm5v3/data/free_data.html for the sources of some freely-available observations and the program for converting the observations to the LITTLE_R format, because the raw observation data files could be in any format, such as ASCII, BUFR, PREPBUFR, MADIS, HDF, etc. Furthermore, for each format, there may be different versions. To make the WRFDA system as general as possible, the LITTLE_R format ASCII file was adopted as an intermediate observation dat
a format for the WRFDA system. Some extensions were made in the LITTLE_R format for WRFDA applications. More complete description of the LITTLE_R format and conventional observation data sources for WRFDA can be found from the web page: HYPERLINK "http://www.mmm.ucar.edu/wrf/users/wrfda/Tutorials/2010_Aug/tutorial_presentation_summer_2010.html"2010 Summer Tutorial,by clicking Observation Pre-processing. The conversion of the user-specific source data to the LITTLE_R format observation data file is the users task.
The purposes of OBSPROC are to:
Remove observations outside the time range and domain (horizontal and top).
Re-order and merge duplicate (in time and location) data reports.
Retrieve pressure or height based on observed information using the hydrostatic assumption.
-Check vertical consistency and super adiabatic for multi-level observations.
+Check multi-level observations for vertical consistency and super adiabats.
Assign observational erro
rs based on a pre-specified error file.
Write out the observation file to be used by WRFDA in ASCII or BUFR format.
-The OBSPROC programobsproc.exe should be found under the directory WRFDA/var/obsproc/src if compile all_wrfvar was completed successfully.
+The OBSPROC programobsproc.exe--should be found under the directory WRFDA/var/obsproc/src if compile all_wrfvar was completed successfully.
a. Prepare observational data for 3D-Var
-To prepare the observation file, for example, at the analysis time 0h for 3D-Var, all the observations between 1h (or 1.5h) will be processed, as illustrated in the following figure, which means that the observations between 23h and 1h are treated as the observations at 0h.
+To prepare the observation file, for example, at the analysis time, 0h for 3D-Var, all the observations between 1h (or 1.5h) will be processed, which means that the observations between 23h and 1h are treated as the observations at 0h. This is illustrated in th
e following figure:
Before running obsproc.exe, create the required namelist file namelist.obsproc (see WRFDA/var/obsproc/README.namelist, or the section HYPERLINK \l "_Description_of_Namelist_1"Description of Namelist Variables for details.
For your reference, an example file named namelist_obsproc.3dvar.wrfvar-tut has already been created in the var/obsproc directory. Thus, proceed as follows.
> cp namelist.obsproc.3dvar.wrfvar-tut namelist.obsproc
-Next, edit the namelist file namelist.obsproc by changing the following variables to accommodate your experiments.
+Next, edit the namelist file, namelist.obsproc, by changing the following variables to accommodate your experiments.
&record1
obs_gts_filename='obs.2008020512'
@@ -217,7 +215,7 @@
time_window_max = '2008-02-05_13:00:00',: The latest time edge as ccyy-mm-dd_hh:mn:ss
&record6,7,8
-Edit all the domain settings to conform to your own experiment. You may pay special attention to NESTIX and NESTJX, which are described in the section HYPERLINK \l "_Description_of_Namelist_1"Description of Namelist Variables for details.
+Edit all the domain settings to conform to your own experiment. You should pay special attention to NESTIX and NESTJX, which are described in the section HYPERLINK \l "_Description_of_Namelist_1"Description of Namelist Variables for details.
&record9
use_for = '3DVAR', ; used for 3D-Var, default
@@ -248,30 +246,31 @@
EACH_FMT = (3(F12.3,I4,F7.2),11X,3(F12.3,I4,F7.2),11X,3(F12.3,I4,F7.2))
#------------------------------------------------------------------------------#
observations
-Before running WRFDA, you may find it useful to learn more about various types of data that will be processed to WRFDA, e.g., their geographical distribution. This file is in ASCII format and so you can easily view it. For a graphical view about file's content, use the MAP_plot utility to see the data distribution for each type of observations. To use this utility, proceed as follows.
+Before running WRFDA, you may find it useful to learn more about various types of data that will be processed to WRFDA (e.g., their geographical distribution). This file is in ASCII format and so you can easily view it. For a graphical view about the file's content, use the MAP_plot utility to see the data distribution for each type of observation. To use this utility, proceed as follows:
> cd MAP_plot
>
make
-We have prepared some configure.user.ibm/linux/mac/ files for some platforms, when make is typed, the Makefile will use one of them to determine the compiler and compiler option. Please modify the Makefile and configure.user.xxx to accommodate the complier on your platform. Successful compilation will produce Map.exe. Note: The successful compilation of Map.exe requires pre-installed NCARG Graphics libraries under $(NCARG_ROOT)/lib.
-Modify the script Map.csh to set the time window and full path of input observation file (obs_gts_2008-02-05_12:00:00.3DVAR). You will need to set the following strings in this script as follows:
+We have prepared some configure.user.ibm/linux/mac/ files for some platforms. When make is typed, the Makefile will use one of them to determine the compiler and compiler option. Please modify the Makefile and configure.user.xxx to accommodate the complier on your platform. Successful compilation will produce Map.exe. Note: The successful
compilation of Map.exe requires pre-installed NCARG Graphics libraries under $(NCARG_ROOT)/lib.
+Modify the script Map.csh to set the time window and full path of the input observation file (obs_gts_2008-02-05_12:00:00.3DVAR). You will need to set the following strings in this script as follows:
Map_plot = /users/noname/WRFDA/var/obsproc/MAP_plot
TIME_WINDOW_MIN = 2008020511
TIME_ANALYSIS = 2008020512
TIME_WINDOW_MAX = 2008020513 OBSDATA = ../obs_gts_2008-02-05_12:00:00.3DVAR
Next, type
> Map.csh
-When the job has completed, you will have a gmeta file gmeta.{analysis_time} corresponding to analysis_time=2008020512. This contains plots of data distribution for each type of observations contained in the OBS data file: obs_gts_2008-02-05_12:00:00.3DVAR. To view this, type
+When the job has completed, you will have a gmeta file, gmeta.{analysis_time}, corresponding to analysis_time=2008020512. This contains plots of data distribution for each type
of observation contained in the OBS data file: obs_gts_2008-02-05_12:00:00.3DVAR. To view this, type
> idt gmeta.2008020512
It will display (panel by panel) geographical distribution of various types of data. The following graphic shows the geographic distribution of sonde observations for this case.
-An alternative way to plot the observation is to use ncl script: WRFDA/var/graphics/ncl/plot_ob_ascii_loc.ncl. However, with this method, you need to provide the first guess file to the ncl script, and have ncl installed in your system.
+An alternative way to plot the observation is to use the ncl script: WRFDA/var/graphics/ncl/plot_ob_ascii_loc.ncl. With this method, however, you need to provide the first guess file to the ncl script, and have ncl installed in your system.
b. Prepare observational data for 4D-Var
-To prepare the observation file, for example, at the analysis time 0h for 4D-Var, all observations from 0h to 6h will be processed and grouped in
7 sub-windows from slot1 to slot7, as illustrated in following figure. NOTE: The Analysis time in the figure below is not the actual analysis time (0h), it indicates the time_analysis setting in the namelist file and is set to three hours later than the actual analysis time. The actual analysis time is still 0h.
+To prepare the observation file, for example, at the analysis time 0h for 4D-Var, all observations from 0h to 6h will be processed and grouped in 7 sub-windows from slot1 to slot7, as illustrated in the following figure:
+ NOTE: The Analysis time in the figure below is not the actual analysis time (0h). It indicates the time_analysis setting in the namelist file and is set to three hours later than the actual analysis time. The actual analysis time is still 0h.
An example file named namelist_obsproc.4dvar.wrfvar-tut has already been created in the var/obsproc directory. Thus, proceed as follows:
> cp namelist.obsproc.4dvar.wrfvar-tut namelist.obsproc
-In the namelist file, you need to change the following variables to accommodate your experiments. In this test case, the actual analysis time is 2008-02-05_12:00:00, but in namelist, the time_analysis should be set to 3 hours later. The different value of time_analysis will make the different number of time slots before and after time_analysis. For example, if you set time_analysis = 2008-02-05_16:00:00, and set the num_slots_past = 4 and time_slots_ahead=2. The final results will be the same as before.
+In the namelist file, you need to change the following variables to accommodate your experiments. In this test case, the actual analysis time is 2008-02-05_12:00:00, but in the namelist, the time_analysis should be set to 3 hours later. The different value of time_analysis will make the different number of time slots before and after time_analysis. For example, if you set time_analysis = 2008-02-05_16:00:00, and set the num_slots_past = 4 and time_slots_ahead=2. The fina
l results will be the same as before.
&record1
obs_gts_filename='obs.2008020512'
&record2
@@ -280,7 +279,7 @@
time_analysis = '2008-02-05_15:00:00', : The analysis time as ccyy-mm-dd_hh:mn:ss
time_window_max = '2008-02-05_18:00:00',: The latest time edge as ccyy-mm-dd_hh:mn:ss
&record6,7,8
-Edit all the domain settings according to your own experiment. You may pay special attention to NESTIX and NESTJX, which is described in the section HYPERLINK \l "_Description_of_Namelist_1"Description of Namelist Variables for details.
+Edit all the domain settings according to your own experiment. You should pay special attention to NESTIX and NESTJX, which is described in the section HYPERLINK \l "_Description_of_Namelist_1"Description of Namelist Variables for details.
&record9
@@ -289,6 +288,7 @@
num_slots_past = 3, ; the number of time slots before time_analysis
num_slots_ahead = 3, ; the number of time slots after time_analysis
+
To run OBSPROC, type
> obsproc.exe >&! obsproc.out
Once obsproc.exe has completed successfully, you will see 7 observation data files:
@@ -305,7 +305,7 @@
Running WRFDA
a. Download Test Data
The WRFDA system requires three input files to run:
- a) A WRF first guess and boundary input files output from either WPS/real (cold-start)
+ a) WRF first guess and boundary input files output from either WPS/real (cold-start)
or WRF forecast (warm-start)
b) Observations (in ASCII format, PREPBUFR or BUFR for radiance)
c) A background error statistics file (containing background error covariance)
@@ -314,18 +314,18 @@
NETCDFWRF Preprocessing System (WPS) and real.exe
or WRFObservationsASCII
(PREPBUFR also possible) HYPERLINK \l "_Running_Observation_Preprocessor"Observation Preprocessor (OBSPROC)Background Error StatisticsBinary HYPERLINK \l "_Running_gen_be"WRFDA gen_be utility
-/Default CV3In the test case, you will store data in a directory defined by the environment variable $DAT_DIR. This directory can be at any location, and it should have read access. Type
+/Default CV3In the test case, you will store data in a directory defined by the environment variable $DAT_DIR. This directory can be in any location, and it should have read access. Type
> setenv DAT_DIR your_choice_of_dat_dir
Here, "your_choice_of_dat_dir" is the directory where the WRFDA input data is stored. If it does not exist, create this directory by typing
> cd $DAT_DIR
-Download the test data for a Tutorial case valid at 12 UTC 5th February 2008 from
HYPERLINK "http://www.mmm.ucar.edu/wrf/users/wrfda/download/testdata.html"http://www.mmm.ucar.edu/wrf/users/wrfda/download/testdata.html
-Once you have downloaded WRFDAV3.3-testdata.tar.gz file to $DAT_DIR, extract it by typing
+Download the test data for a Tutorial case, valid at 12 UTC 5th February 2008, from HYPERLINK "http://www.mmm.ucar.edu/wrf/users/wrfda/download/testdata.html"http://www.mmm.ucar.edu/wrf/users/wrfda/download/testdata.html
+Once you have downloaded the WRFDAV3.3-testdata.tar.gz file to $DAT_DIR, extract it by typing
> gunzip WRFDAV3.3-testdata.tar.gz > tar -xvf WRFDAV3.3-testdata.tar
Now you should find the following three sub-directories/files under $DAT_DIR
ob/2008020512/ob.2008020512.gz # Observation data in little_r format rc/2008020512/wrfinput_d01 # First guess file rc/2008020512/wrfbdy_d01 # lateral boundary file be/be.dat # Background error file
......
-You should
first go through the section Running Observation Preprocessor (OBSPROC) and have a WRF-3D-Var-ready observation file (obs_gts_2008-02-05_12:00:00.3DVAR) generated in your OBSPROC working directory. You could then copy or move obs_gts_2008-02-05_12:00:00.3DVAR to be in $DAT_DIR/ob/2008020512/ob.ascii.
-If you want to try 4D-Var with Little-R format observations, please go through the section Running Observation Preprocessor (OBSPROC) and have the WRF-4D-Var-ready observation files (obs_gts_2008-02-05_12:00:00.4DVAR,). You could copy or move the observation files to $DAT_DIR/ob using following commands:
+You should first go through the section Running Observation Preprocessor (OBSPROC) and have a WRF-3D-Var-ready observation file (obs_gts_2008-02-05_12:00:00.3DVAR) generated in your OBSPROC working directory. You can then copy or move obs_gts_2008-02-05_12:00:00.3DVAR to be in $DAT_DIR/ob/2008020512/ob.ascii.
+If you want to try 4D-Var with Little-R format observation
s, please go through the section Running Observation Preprocessor (OBSPROC) and have the WRF-4D-Var-ready observation files (obs_gts_2008-02-05_12:00:00.4DVAR,)available. You could copy or move the observation files to $DAT_DIR/ob using following commands:
> mv obs_gts_2008-02-05_12:00:00.4DVAR $DAT_DIR/ob/2008020512/ob.ascii+
> mv obs_gts_2008-02-05_13:00:00.4DVAR $DAT_DIR/ob/2008020513/ob.ascii
@@ -334,10 +334,10 @@
> mv obs_gts_2008-02-05_16:00:00.4DVAR $DAT_DIR/ob/2008020516/ob.ascii
> mv obs_gts_2008-02-05_17:00:00.4DVAR $DAT_DIR/ob/2008020517/ob.ascii
> mv obs_gts_2008-02-05_18:00:00.4DVAR $DAT_DIR/ob/2008020518/ob.ascii-
-At this point you have three of the input files (first guess, observation, and background error statistics files in directory $DAT_DIR) required to run WRFDA, and have successfully downloaded and compiled the WRFDA code. If this is correct, you are ready to learn how to run WRFDA.
+At this point you have three of the input files (first guess, observation, and background error statistics files in the directory $DAT_DIR) required to run WRFDA, and have successfully downloaded and compiled the WRFDA code. If this is correct, you are ready to learn how to run WRFDA.
b. Run the Case3D-Var
-The data for this case is valid at 12 UTC 5th February 2008. The first guess comes from the NCEP FNL (Final) Operational Global Analysis data, passed through the W
RF-WPS and real programs.
-To run WRF 3D-Var, first create and cd to a working directory, for example, WRFDA/var/test/tutorial, and then follow the steps below:
+The data for this case is valid at 12 UTC 5 February 2008. The first guess comes from the NCEP FNL (Final) Operational Global Analysis data, passed through the WRF-WPS and real programs.
+To run WRF 3D-Var, first create and cd to a working directory (for example, WRFDA/var/test/tutorial),, and then follow the steps below:
> cd WRFDA/var/test/tutorial
> ln -sf WRFDA/run/LANDUSE.TBL ./LANDUSE.TBL
> ln -sf $DAT_DIR/rc/2008020512/wrfinput_d01 ./fg (link first guess file as fg)
@@ -345,10 +345,10 @@
> ln -sf $DAT_DIR/be/be.dat ./be.dat (link background error statistics as be.dat)
> ln -sf WRFDA/var/da/da_wrfvar.exe ./da_wrfvar.exe (link executable)
-If you use PREPBUFR format data, please change the ob_format=1 in &wrfvar3 in namelist.input and link the data as ob.bufr,
+If you use the PREPBUFR format data, please change the ob_format=1 in &wrfvar3 in namelist.input and link the data as ob.bufr,
> ln -fs $DATA_DIR/ob/2008020512/gds1.t12.prepbufr.nr ob.bufr
-We will begin by editing the file, namelist.input, which is a very basic namelist.input for running the tutorial test case as shown below and provided as WRFDA/var/test/tutorial/namelist.input. Only the time and domain settings need to be specified in this case, if we are using the default settings provided in WRFDA/Registry/Registry.wrfvar)
+We will begin by editing the file, namelist.input, which is a very basic namelist for running the tutorial test case, as shown below and provided as WR
FDA/var/test/tutorial/namelist.input. Only the time and domain settings need to be specified in this case, if we are using the default settings provided in WRFDA/Registry/Registry.wrfvar.
&wrfvar1
print_detail_grad=false, / &wrfvar2 /
&wrfvar3
@@ -443,7 +443,7 @@
&perturbation
/
> da_wrfvar.exe >&! wrfda.log
-The file wrfda.log (or rsl.out.0000 if run in distributed-memory mode) contains important WRFDA runtime log information. Always check the log after a WRFDA run:
+The file wrfda.log (or rsl.out.0000, if run in distributed-memory mode) contains important WRFDA runtime log information. Always check the log after a WRFDA run:
*** VARIATIONAL ANALYSIS ***
DYNAMICS OPTION: Eulerian Mass Coordinate
alloc_space_field: domain 1, 606309816 bytes allocat
@@ -569,11 +569,11 @@
*** WRF-Var completed successfully ***
A file called namelist.output (which contains the complete namelist settings) will be generated after a successful da_wrfvar.exe run. The settings appearing in namelist.output, but not specified in your namelist.input, are the default values from WRFDA/Registry/Registry.wrfvar.
-After successful completion of job, wrfvar_output (the WRFDA analysis file, i.e. the new initial condition for WRF) should appear in the working directory along with a number of diagnostic files. Various text diagnostics output files will be explained in the next section ( HYPERLINK \l "_WRF-Var_Diagnostics_1"WRFDA Diagnostics).
-To understand the role of various important WRFDA options, try re-running WRFDA by changing different namelist options, for example, making WRFDA convergence criteria more stringent. This is achieved by reducing the value of the convergence criteria EPS to e.g. 0.0001 by adding "EPS=0.0001" in the namel
ist.input record &wrfvar6. See section ( HYPERLINK \l "_Additional_WRF-Var_Exercises:"WRFDA additional exercises) for more namelist options.
+After successful completion of the job, wrfvar_output (the WRFDA analysis file, i.e. the new initial condition for WRF) should appear in the working directory along with a number of diagnostic files. Various text diagnostics output files will be explained in the next section ( HYPERLINK \l "_WRF-Var_Diagnostics_1"WRFDA Diagnostics).
+To understand the role of various important WRFDA options, try re-running WRFDA by changing different namelist options; for example, making WRFDA convergence criteria more stringent. This is achieved by reducing the value of the convergence criteria EPS to e.g. 0.0001 by adding "EPS=0.0001" in the namelist.input record &wrfvar6. See the section ( HYPERLINK \l "_Additional_WRF-Var_Exercises:"WRFDA additional exercises) for more namelist optio
ns.
c. Run the Case4D-Var
-To run WRF 4D-Var, first create and enter into a working directory, for example, WRFDA/var/test/4dvar.
-Note: If you want to setup your own directories to run 4D-Var, please make sure you follow the linkages and namelist.input under WRFDA/var/test/4dvar.
+To run WRF 4D-Var, first create and enter into a working directory, such as WRFDA/var/test/4dvar.
+Note: If you want to set up your own directories to run 4D-Var, please make sure you follow the linkages and namelist.input under WRFDA/var/test/4dvar.
Assume the analysis date is 2008020512 and the test data directories are:
> setenv DATA_DIR /ptmp/$user/DATA
> ls lr $DATA_DIR
@@ -586,7 +586,7 @@
ob/2008020518
rc/2008020512
be
-Note: WRFDA 4D-Var is able to assimilate conventional observation data, satellites radiance BUFR data, radar data, and the input data format can be PREPBUFR format data or observation data processed by OBSPROC.
+Note: WRFDA 4D-Var is able to assimilate conventional observational data. Satellite radiance BUFR data, radar data, and the input data format can be PREPBUFR format data or observation data, processed by OBSPROC.
Assume the working directory is:
> setenv WORK_DIR $WRFDA_DIR/var/test/4dvar
Then follow the steps below:
@@ -608,7 +608,6 @@
> ln -fs $DATA_DIR/rc/2008020512/wrfbdy_d01 .
> ln -fs wrfinput_d01 fg
-
> ln -fs $DATA_DIR/be/be.dat .
> ln -fs WRFDA/run/LANDUSE.TBL ./LANDUSE.TBL
> ln -fs WRFDA/run/GENPARM.TBL ./GENPARM.TBL
@@ -620,15 +619,16 @@
> ln -fs $DATA_DIR/ob/2008020512/gds1.t12.prepbufr.nr ob.bufr
-If you would like to assimilate PREPBUFR data at both12hr and 18hr for 4D-Var, you should linked it as follows,
+If you would like to assimilate PREPBUFR data at both12hr and 18hr for 4D-Var, you should link it as follows,
> ln -fs $DATA_DIR/ob/2008020512/gds1.t12.prepbufr.nr ob01.bufr
> ln -fs $DATA_DIR/ob/2008020518/gds1.t18.prepbufr.nr ob02.bufr
-Note: NCEP BUFR files downloaded from NCEPs public ftp server ftp://ftp.ncep.noaa.gov/pub/data/nccf/com/gfs/prod/gdas.${yyyymmddhh} are Fortran-blocked on big-endian machine and can be directly used on big-endian machines (for example, IBM). For most Linux clusters with Intel platforms, users need to download the byte-swapping code ssrc.c ( HYPERLINK "http://www.dtcenter.org/com-GSI/users/support/faqs/index.php"http://www.dtcenter.org/com-GSI/users/support/faqs/index.php, the C code ssrc.c located in the /utils directory of the GSI
distribution), and this code will convert a prepbufr file generated on an IBM platofrm to a prepbufr file that can be read on a Linux or Intel Mac platform. Compile ssrc.c with any c compiler (e.g., gcc -o ssrc.exe ssrc.c). To convert an IBM prepbufr file, take the executable (e.g. ssrc.exe), and run it as follows,
+Note: NCEP BUFR files downloaded from NCEPs public ftp server ftp://ftp.ncep.noaa.gov/pub/data/nccf/com/gfs/prod/gdas.${yyyymmddhh} are Fortran-blocked on a big-endian machine and can be directly used on big-endian machines (for example, IBM). For most Linux clusters with Intel platforms, users need to download the byte-swapping code ssrc.c ( HYPERLINK "http://www.dtcenter.org/com-GSI/users/support/faqs/index.php"http://www.dtcenter.org/com-GSI/users/support/faqs/index.php, and the C code ssrc.c, located in the /utils directory of the GSI distribution). This code will convert a prepbufr file generated on an IBM platform to a prepbufr file that
can be read on a Linux or Intel Mac platform. Compile ssrc.c with any c compiler (e.g., gcc -o ssrc.exe ssrc.c). To convert an IBM prepbufr file, take the executable (e.g. ssrc.exe), and run it as follows:
+
ssrc.exe <name of Big Endian prepbufr file> name of Little Endian prepbufr file
3) Run in single processor mode (serial compilation required for WRF 4D-Var)
-Edit $WORK_DIR/namelist.input to match your experiment settings. The most important namelist variables related to 4D-Var are listed below, please refer to README.namelist under WRFDA/var directory.
+Edit $WORK_DIR/namelist.input to match your experiment settings. The most important namelist variables related to 4D-Var are listed below. Please refer to README.namelist under the WRFDA/var directory.
&wrfvar1
var4d=true,
@@ -649,13 +649,14 @@
> ./da_wrfvar.exe >&! wrfda.log
Radiance Data Assimilations in WRFDA
-This section gives a brief description for various aspects related to radiance assimilation in WRFDA. Each aspect is described mainly from the viewpoint of usage rather than more technical and scientific details, which will appear in separated technical report and scientific paper. Namelist parameters controlling different aspects of radiance assimilation will be detailed in the following sections. It should be noted that this section does not cover general aspects of the WRFDA assimilation. These can be found in other sections of chapter 6 of this users guide or other WRFDA documentation.
+This section gives a brief description for various aspects related to radiance assimilation in WRFDA. Each aspect is described mainly from the viewpoint of usage, rather than more technical and scientific details, which will appear in a separate technical report and scientific paper. Namelist parameters co
ntrolling different aspects of radiance assimilation will be detailed in the following sections. It should be noted that this section does not cover general aspects of the WRFDA assimilation. These can be found in other sections of chapter 6 of this users guide, or other WRFDA documentation.
a. Running WRFDA with radiances
-In addition to the basic input files (LANDUSE.TBL, fg, ob.ascii, be.dat) mentioned in HYPERLINK \l "_Running_WRF-Var_1"Running WRFDA section, the following additional files are required for radiances: radiance data in NCEP BUFR format, radiance_info files, VARBC.in, RTM (CRTM or RTTOV) coefficient files.
+In addition to the basic input files (LANDUSE.TBL, fg, ob.ascii, be.dat) mentioned in the HYPERLINK \l "_Running_WRF-Var_1"Running WRFDA section, the following additional files are required for radiances: radiance data in NCEP BUFR format, radiance_info files, VARBC.in, RTM (CRTM or RTTOV) coefficient files.
-Edit namelist.input (Pay special attention to &wrfvar4, &wrfvar14, &wrfvar21, and &wrfvar22 for radiance-related options. A very basic namelist.input for running the radiance test case is provided as WRFDA/var/test/radiance/namelist.input)
+Edit namelist.input (Pay special attention to &wrfvar4, &wrfvar14, &wrfvar21, and &wrfvar22 for radiance-related options. A very basic namelist.input for running the radiance test case is provided in WRFDA/var/test/radiance/namelist.input)
+
> ln -sf ${DAT_DIR}/gdas1.t00z.1bamua.tm00.bufr_d ./amsua.bufr
> ln -sf ${DAT_DIR}/gdas1.t00z.1bamub.tm00.bufr_d ./amsub.bufr
> ln -sf WRFDA/var/run/radiance_info ./radiance_info # (radiance_info is a directory)
@@ -667,49 +668,49 @@
b. Radiance Data Ingest
-Currently, the ingest interface for NCEP BUFR radiance data is implemented in WRFDA. The radiance data are available through NCEPs public ftp server ftp://ftp.ncep.noaa.gov/pub/data/nccf/com/gfs/prod/gdas.${yyyymmddhh} in near real-time (with 6-hour delay) and can meet requirements both for research purposes and some real-time applications.
+Currently, the ingest interface for NCEP BUFR radiance data is implemented in WRFDA. The radiance data are available through NCEPs public ftp server ftp://ftp.ncep.noaa.gov/pub/data/nccf/com/gfs/prod/gdas.${yyyymmddhh} in near real-time (with a 6-hour delay) and can meet requirements for both research purposes and some real-time applications.
-So far, WRFDA can read data from the NOAA ATOVS instruments (HIRS, AMSU-A, AMSU-B and MHS), the EOS Aqua instruments (AIRS, AMSU-A) and DMSP instruments (SSMIS). Note that NCEP radiance BUFR files are separated by instrument names (i.e., each file for one type instr
ument), and each file contains global radiance (generally converted to brightness temperature) within 6-hour assimilation window from multi-platforms. For running WRFDA, users need to rename NCEP corresponding BUFR files (table 1) to hirs3.bufr (including HIRS data from NOAA-15/16/17), hirs4.bufr (including HIRS data from NOAA-18/19, METOP-2), amsua.bufr (including AMSU-A data from NOAA-15/16/18/19, METOP-2), amsub.bufr (including AMSU-B data from NOAA-15/16/17), mhs.bufr (including MHS data from NOAA-18/19 and METOP-2), airs.bufr (including AIRS and AMSU-A data from EOS-AQUA) and ssmis.bufr (SSMIS data from DMSP-16, AFWA provided) for WRFDA filename convention. Note that airs.bufr file contains not only AIRS data but also AMSU-A, which is collocated with AIRS pixels (1 AMSU-A pixels collocated with 9 AIRS pixels). Users must place these files in the working directory where WRFDA executable is run. It should also be mentioned that WRFDA reads these BUFR radiance files direct
ly without use if any separate pre-processing program is used. All processing of radiance data, such as quality control, thinning and bias correction and so on, is carried out inside WRFDA. This is different from conventional observation assimilation, which requires a pre-processing package (OBSPROC) to generate WRFDA readable ASCII files. For reading the radiance BUFR files, WRFDA must be compiled with the NCEP BUFR library (see http://www.nco.ncep.noaa.gov/sib/decoders/BUFRLIB/).
+So far, WRFDA can read data from the NOAA ATOVS instruments (HIRS, AMSU-A, AMSU-B and MHS), the EOS Aqua instruments (AIRS, AMSU-A) and DMSP instruments (SSMIS). Note that NCEP radiance BUFR files are separated by instrument names (i.e., each file for one type of instrument), and each file contains global radiance (generally converted to brightness temperature) within a 6-hour assimilation window, from multi-platforms. For running WRFDA, users need to rename NCEP corresponding BUFR files (table 1
) to hirs3.bufr (including HIRS data from NOAA-15/16/17), hirs4.bufr (including HIRS data from NOAA-18/19, METOP-2), amsua.bufr (including AMSU-A data from NOAA-15/16/18/19, METOP-2), amsub.bufr (including AMSU-B data from NOAA-15/16/17), mhs.bufr (including MHS data from NOAA-18/19 and METOP-2), airs.bufr (including AIRS and AMSU-A data from EOS-AQUA) and ssmis.bufr (SSMIS data from DMSP-16, AFWA provided) for WRFDA filename convention. Note that the airs.bufr file contains not only AIRS data but also AMSU-A, which is collocated with AIRS pixels (1 AMSU-A pixels collocated with 9 AIRS pixels). Users must place these files in the working directory where the WRFDA executable is run. It should also be mentioned that WRFDA reads these BUFR radiance files directly without the use of any separate pre-processing program. All processing of radiance data, such as quality control, thinning, bias correction, etc., is carried out inside WRFDA. This is different from conventional observ
ation assimilation, which requires a pre-processing package (OBSPROC) to generate WRFDA readable ASCII files. For reading the radiance BUFR files, WRFDA must be compiled with the NCEP BUFR library (see http://www.nco.ncep.noaa.gov/sib/decoders/BUFRLIB/).
Table 1: NCEP and WRFDA radiance BUFR file naming convention
NCEP BUFR file namesWRFDA naming conventiongdas1.t00z.1bamua.tm00.bufr_damsua.bufrgdas1.t00z.1bamub.tm00.bufr_damsub.bufrgdas1.t00z.1bhrs3.tm00.bufr_dhirs3.bufrgdas1.t00z.1bhrs4.tm00.bufr_dhirs4.bufrgdas1.t00z.1bmhs.tm00.bufr_dmhs.bufrgdas1.t00z.airsev.tm00.bufr_dairs.bufr
Namelist parameters are used to control the reading of corresponding BUFR files into WRFDA. For instance, USE_AMSUAOBS, USE_AMSUBOBS, USE_HIRS3OBS, USE_HIRS4OBS, USE_MHSOBS, USE_AIRSOBS, USE_EOS_AMSUAOBS and USE_SSMISOBS control whether or not the respective file is read. These are logical parameters that are assigned to .FALSE. by default; therefore they must be set to
.TRUE. to read the respective observation file. Also note that these parameters only control whether the data is read, not whether the data included in the files is to be assimilated. This is controlled by other namelist parameters explained in the next section.
-NCEP BUFR files downloaded from NCEPs public ftp server ftp://ftp.ncep.noaa.gov/pub/data/nccf/com/gfs/prod/gdas.${yyyymmddhh} are Fortran-blocked on big-endian machine and can be directly used on big-endian machines (for example, IBM). For most Linux clusters with Intel platforms, users need to download the byte-swapping code ssrc.c ( HYPERLINK "http://www.dtcenter.org/com-GSI/users/support/faqs/index.php"http://www.dtcenter.org/com-GSI/users/support/faqs/index.php, the C code ssrc.c located in the /utils directory of the GSI distribution), and this code will convert a prepbufr file generated on an IBM platofrm to a prepbufr file that can be read on a Linux or Intel Mac platform. Compile ssrc.c wit
h any c compiler (e.g., gcc -o ssrc.exe ssrc.c). To convert an IBM prepbufr file, take the executable (e.g. ssrc.exe), and run it as follows,
+NCEP BUFR files downloaded from NCEPs public ftp server ftp://ftp.ncep.noaa.gov/pub/data/nccf/com/gfs/prod/gdas.${yyyymmddhh} are Fortran-blocked on a big-endian machine and can be directly used on big-endian machines (for example, IBM). For most Linux clusters with Intel platforms, users need to download the byte-swapping code ssrc.c ( HYPERLINK "http://www.dtcenter.org/com-GSI/users/support/faqs/index.php"http://www.dtcenter.org/com-GSI/users/support/faqs/index.php. The C code ssrc.c is located in the /utils directory of the GSI distribution), and this code will convert a prepbufr file generated on an IBM platofrm to a prepbufr file that can be read on a Linux or Intel Mac platform. Compile ssrc.c with any c compiler (e.g., gcc -o ssrc.exe ssrc.c). To convert an IBM prepbufr file, take the executable (e.g. ssrc.exe)
, and run it as follows,
ssrc.exe <name of Big Endian prepbufr file> name of Little Endian prepbufr file
c. Radiative Transfer Model
-The core component for direct radiance assimilation is to incorporate a radiative transfer model (RTM, should be accurate enough yet fast) into the WRFDA system as one part of observation operators. Two widely used RTMs in NWP community, RTTOV (developed by EUMETSAT in Europe), and CRTM (developed by the Joint Center for Satellite Data Assimilation (JCSDA) in US), are already implemented in WRFDA system with a flexible and consistent user interface. Selection a which RTM to use is controlled by a simple namelist parameter RTM_OPTION (1 for RTTOV, the default, and 2 for CRTM). WRFDA is designed to be able to compile with only one of two RTM libraries or without RTM libraries (for those not interested in radiance assimilation) by the definition of environment variables CRTM and RTTOV (see Installing WRFDA section).
+The co
re component for direct radiance assimilation is to incorporate a radiative transfer model (RTM, should be accurate, yet fast) into the WRFDA system as one part of observation operators. Two widely used RTMs in the NWP community, RTTOV (developed by EUMETSAT in Europe), and CRTM (developed by the Joint Center for Satellite Data Assimilation (JCSDA) in US), are already implemented in the WRFDA system with a flexible and consistent user interface. Selectionof which RTM to use is controlled by a simple namelist parameter RTM_OPTION (1 for RTTOV, the default, and 2 for CRTM). WRFDA is designed to be able to compile with only one of two RTM libraries, or without RTM libraries (for those not interested in radiance assimilation), by the definition of environment variables CRTM and RTTOV (see the Installing WRFDA section).
-Both RTMs can calculate radiances for almost all available instruments aboard various satellite platforms in orbit. An important feature of WRFDA design
is that all data structures related to radiance assimilation are dynamically allocated during running time according to simple namelist setup. The instruments to be assimilated are controlled at run time by four integer namelist parameters: RTMINIT_NSENSOR (the total number of sensors to be assimilated), RTMINIT_PLATFORM (the platforms IDs array to be assimilated with dimension RTMINIT_NSENSOR, e.g., 1 for NOAA, 9 for EOS, 10 for METOP and 2 for DMSP), RTMINIT_SATID (satellite IDs array) and RTMINIT_SENSOR (sensor IDs array, e.g., 0 for HIRS, 3 for AMSU-A, 4 for AMSU-B, 15 for MHS, 10 for SSMIS, 11 for AIRS). For instance, the configuration for assimilating 12 sensors from 7 satellites (what WRFDA can assimilated currently) will be
+Both RTMs can calculate radiances for almost all available instruments aboard various satellite platforms in orbit. An important feature of the WRFDA design is that all data structures related to radiance assimilation are dynamically allocated du
ring running time, according to a simple namelist setup. The instruments to be assimilated are controlled at run-time by four integer namelist parameters: RTMINIT_NSENSOR (the total number of sensors to be assimilated), RTMINIT_PLATFORM (the platforms IDs array to be assimilated with dimension RTMINIT_NSENSOR, e.g., 1 for NOAA, 9 for EOS, 10 for METOP and 2 for DMSP), RTMINIT_SATID (satellite IDs array) and RTMINIT_SENSOR (sensor IDs array, e.g., 0 for HIRS, 3 for AMSU-A, 4 for AMSU-B, 15 for MHS, 10 for SSMIS, 11 for AIRS). For instance, the configuration for assimilating 12 sensors from 7 satellites (what WRFDA can assimilate currently) will be
RTMINIT_NSENSOR = 12 14 # 6 AMSUA; 3 AMSUB; 3 MHS; 1 AIRS; 1 SSMIS
RTMINIT_PLATFORM = 1, 1, 1, 1,9,10,,1, 1, 1, 1, 1,10, 9, 2
RTMINIT_SATID = 15,16,18,19,2, 2,15,16,17,18,19, 2, 2,16
RTMINIT_SENSOR = 3, 3, 3, 3,3, 3, 4, 4, 4,15,15,15, 11,10
-The instrument triplets (platform, satellite, and sensor ID) in the namelist
can be ranked in any order. More detail about the convention of instrument triplet can be found on the web page HYPERLINK "http://research.metoffice.gov.uk/research/interproj/nwpsaf/rtm/rttov_description.html"http://research.metoffice.gov.uk/research/interproj/nwpsaf/rtm/rttov_description.html
- HYPERLINK "http://research.metoffice.gov.uk/research/interproj/nwpsaf/rtm/rttov_description.html"or the tables 2 and 3 in the RTTOV v10 Users Guide (http://research.metoffice.gov.uk/research/interproj/nwpsaf/rtm/docs_rttov10/users_guide_10_v1.3.pdf )
+The instrument triplets (platform, satellite, and sensor ID) in the namelist can be ranked in any order. More detail about the convention of instrument triples can be found on the web page HYPERLINK "http://research.metoffice.gov.uk/research/interproj/nwpsaf/rtm/rttov_description.html"http://research.metoffice.gov.uk/research/interproj/nwpsaf/rtm/rttov_description.html
+ HYPERLINK "htt
p://research.metoffice.gov.uk/research/interproj/nwpsaf/rtm/rttov_description.html"or in tables 2 and 3 in the RTTOV v10 Users Guide (http://research.metoffice.gov.uk/research/interproj/nwpsaf/rtm/docs_rttov10/users_guide_10_v1.3.pdf )
-CRTM uses a different instrument naming method. A convert routine inside WRFDA is already created to make CRTM use the same instrument triplet as RTTOV such that the user interface remains the same for RTTOV and CRTM.
+CRTM uses a different instrument-naming method. A convert routine inside WRFDA is already created to make CRTM use the same instrument triplet as RTTOV, such that the user interface remains the same for RTTOV and CRTM.
-When running WRFDA with radiance assimilation switched on (RTTOV or CRTM), a set of RTM coefficient files need to be loaded. For RTTOV option, RTTOV coefficient files are to be copied or linked to a sub-directory rttov_coeffs under the working directory; for CRTM option, CRTM coefficient files
are to be copied or linked to a sub-directory crtm_coeffs under the working directory. Only coefficients listed in namelist are needed. Potentially WRFDA can assimilate all sensors as long as the corresponding coefficient files are provided with RTTOV and CRTM. In addition, necessary developments on corresponding data interface, quality control, and bias correction are also important to make radiance data assimilated properly. However, a modular design of radiance relevant routines already facilitates much to add more instruments in WRFDA.
+When running WRFDA with radiance assimilation switched on (RTTOV or CRTM), a set of RTM coefficient files need to be loaded. For the RTTOV option, RTTOV coefficient files are to be copied or linked to a sub-directory rttov_coeffs under the working directory. For the CRTM option, CRTM coefficient files are to be copied or linked to a sub-directory crtm_coeffs under the working directory. Only coefficients listed in the namelist are n
eeded. Potentially WRFDA can assimilate all sensors as long as the corresponding coefficient files are provided with RTTOV and CRTM. In addition, necessary developments on the corresponding data interface, quality control, and bias correction are also important to make radiance data assimilate properly; however, a modular design of radiance relevant routines already facilitates the addition of more instruments in WRFDA.
-The RTTOV package is not distributed with WRFDA due to licensing and supporting issues. Users need to follow the instructions
- on HYPERLINK "http://research.metoffice.gov.uk/research/interproj/nwpsaf/rtm"http://research.metoffice.gov.uk/research/interproj/nwpsaf/rtm to download the RTTOV source code and supplement coefficient files and emissivity atlas dataset. Starting from WRFDA V3.3, only RTTOV v10 can be used in WRFDA.
+The RTTOV package is not distributed with WRFDA, due to licensing and supporting issues. Users need to follow the inst
ructions
+ on HYPERLINK "http://research.metoffice.gov.uk/research/interproj/nwpsaf/rtm"http://research.metoffice.gov.uk/research/interproj/nwpsaf/rtm to download the RTTOV source code and supplement coefficient files and the emissivity atlas dataset. Since WRFDA V3.3, only RTTOV v10 can be used in WRFDA.
-Starting from V3.2.1, the CRTM package is distributed with WRFDA, which is located in WRFDA/var/external/crtm. The CRTM code in WRFDA is basically the same as the source code that users can download from the the following link:
+Since V3.2.1, the CRTM package is distributed with WRFDA, which is located in WRFDA/var/external/crtm. The CRTM code in WRFDA is basically the same as the source code that users can download from the the following link:
ftp://ftp.emc.ncep.noaa.gov/jcsda/CRTM.
d. Channel Selection
-Channel selection in WRFDA is controlled by radiance info files located in the sub-directory radiance_info under the working directory. These
files are separated by satellites and sensors, e.g., noaa-15-amsua.info, noaa-16-amsub.info, dmsp-16-ssmis.info and so on. An example for 5 channels from noaa-15-amsub.info is shown below. The fourth column is used by WRFDA to control when to use a corresponding channel. Channels with the value -1 indicate that the channel is not assimilated (channels 1, 2 and 4 in this case), with the value 1 means assimilated (channels 3 and 5). The sixth column is used by WRFDA to set the observation error for each channel. Other columns are not used by WRFDA. It should be mentioned that these error values might not necessarily be optimal for your applications; It is the users responsibility to obtain the optimal error statistics for your own applications.
+Channel selection in WRFDA is controlled by radiance info files, located in the sub-directory radiance_info, under the working directory. These files are separated by satellites and sensors; e.g., noaa-15-amsua.info, noaa
-16-amsub.info, dmsp-16-ssmis.info and so on. Examples of 5 channels from noaa-15-amsub.info is shown below. The fourth column is used by WRFDA to control when to use a corresponding channel. Channels with the value -1 in the fourth column indicate that the channel is not assimilated, while the value 1 means assimilated. The sixth column is used by WRFDA to set the observation error for each channel. Other columns are not used by WRFDA. It should be mentioned that these error values might not necessarily be optimal for your applications. It is the users responsibility to obtain the optimal error statistics for his/her own applications.
- Sensor channel IR/MW use idum varch polarisation(0:vertical;1:horizontal)
+ Sensor channel IR/MW use idum varch polarization(0:vertical;1:horizontal)
415 1 1 -1 0 0.5500000000E+01 0.0000000000E+00
415 2 1 -1 0 0.3750000000E+01 0.0000000000E+00
@@ -720,33 +721,33 @@
e. Bias Correction
-Satellite radiance is generally considered biased with respect to a reference (e.g., background or analysis field in NWP assimilation) due to system error of observation itself, reference field, and RTM. Bias correction is a necessary step prior to assimilating radiance data. There are two ways of performing bias correction in WRFDA. One is based on the Harris and Kelly (2001) method and is carried out using a set of coefficient files pre-calculated with an off-line statistics package, which will apply to a training dataset for a month-long period. The other is Variational Bias Correction (VarBC). Only VarBC is introduced here and recommended for users because of its relative simplicity in usage.
+Satellite radiance is generally considered to be biased with respect to a reference (e.g., background or analysis field in NWP assimilation) due to a system error of the observation itself, the reference field, and RTM. Bias correction is a necessary step p
rior to assimilating radiance data. There are two ways of performing bias correction in WRFDA. One is based on the Harris and Kelly (2001) method, and is carried out using a set of coefficient files pre-calculated with an off-line statistics package, which will apply to a training dataset for a month-long period. The other is Variational Bias Correction (VarBC). Only VarBC is introduced here, and recommended for users because of its relative simplicity in usage.
f. Variational Bias Correction
Getting started with VarBC
-To use VarBC, set namelist option USE_VARBC to TRUE and have a VARBC.in file in the working directory. VARBC.in is a VarBC setup file in ASCII format. A template is provided with the WRFDA package (WRFDA/var/run/VARBC.in).
+To use VarBC, set the namelist option USE_VARBC to TRUE and have the VARBC.in file in the working directory. VARBC.in is a VarBC setup file in ASCII format. A template is provided with the WRFDA package (WRFDA/var/run/VARBC.in).
Input and Output files
-All VarBC input is passed through one single ASCII file called VARBC.in file. Once WRFDA has run with the VarBC option switched on, it will produce a VARBC.out file which looks very much like the VARBC.in file you provided. This output file will then be used as the input file for the next assimilation cycle.
+All VarBC input is passed through one single ASCII file called the VARBC.in file. Once WRFDA has run with the VarBC option switched on, it will produce a VARBC.out file which looks very much like the VARBC.in file you provided. This output file will then be used as the input file for the next assimilation cycle.
Coldstart
-Coldstarting means starting the VarBC from scratch i.e. when you do not know the values of the bias parameters.
+Coldstarting means starting the VarBC from scratch; i.e. when you do not know the values of the bias parameters.
-The Coldstart is a routine in WRFDA. The bias predictor statistics (mean and standard deviation)
are computed automatically and will be used to normalize the bias parameters. All coldstarted bias parameters are set to zero, except the first bias parameter (= simple offset), which is set to the mode (=peak) of the distribution of the (uncorrected) innovations for the given channel.
+The Coldstart is a routine in WRFDA. The bias predictor statistics (mean and standard deviation) are computed automatically and will be used to normalize the bias parameters. All coldstart bias parameters are set to zero, except the first bias parameter (= simple offset), which is set to the mode (=peak) of the distribution of the (uncorrected) innovations for the given channel.
-A threshold of number of observations can be set through a namelist option VARBC_NOBSMIN (default = 10), under which it is considered that not enough observations are present to keep the Coldstart values (i.e. bias predictor statistics and bias parameter values) for the next cycle. In this case, the next cycle wil
l do another Coldstart.
+A threshold of a number of observations can be set through the namelist option VARBC_NOBSMIN (default = 10), under which it is considered that not enough observations are present to keep the Coldstart values (i.e. bias predictor statistics and bias parameter values) for the next cycle. In this case, the next cycle will do another Coldstart.
Background Constraint for the bias parameters
The background constraint controls the inertia you want to impose on the predictors (i.e. the smoothing in the predictor time series). It corresponds to an extra term in the WRFDA cost function.
-It is defined through an integer number in the VARBC.in file. This number is related to a number of observations: the bigger the number, the more inertia constraint. If these numbers are set to zero, the predictors can evolve without any constraint.
+It is defined through an integer number in the VARBC.in file. This number is related to a number of observations; the bigg
er the number, the more inertia constraint. If these numbers are set to zero, the predictors can evolve without any constraint.
Scaling factor
-The VarBC uses a specific preconditioning, which can be scaled through a namelist option VARBC_FACTOR (default = 1.0).
+The VarBC uses a specific preconditioning, which can be scaled through the namelist option VARBC_FACTOR (default = 1.0).
Offline bias correction
-The analysis of the VarBC parameters can be performed "offline", i.e. independently from the main WRFDA analysis. No extra code is needed, just set the following MAX_VERT_VAR* namelist variables to be 0, which will disable the standard control variable and only keep the VarBC control variable.
+The analysis of the VarBC parameters can be performed "offline" ; i.e. independently from the main WRFDA analysis. No extra code is needed. Just set the following MAX_VERT_VAR* namelist variables to be 0, which will disable the standard control variable an
d only keep the VarBC control variable.
MAX_VERT_VAR1=0.0
MAX_VERT_VAR2=0.0
@@ -766,25 +767,26 @@
g. Other namelist variables to control radiance assimilation
RAD_MONITORING (30)
-Integer array of dimension RTMINIT_NSENSER, where 0 for assimilating mode, 1 for monitoring mode (only calculate innovation).
+Integer array of dimension RTMINIT_NSENSER, 0 for assimilating mode, 1 for monitoring mode (only calculates innovation).
+
THINNING
Logical, TRUE will perform thinning on radiance data.
THINNING_MESH (30)
-Real array with dimension RTMINIT_NSENSOR, values indicate thinning mesh (in KM) for different sensors.
+Real array with dimension RTMINIT_NSENSOR, values indicate thinning mesh (in km) for different sensors.
QC_RAD
-Logical, control if perform quality control, always set to TRUE.
+Logical, controls if quality control is performed, always set to TRUE.
WRITE_IV_RAD_ASCII
-Logical, control if output Observation minus Background files which are in ASCII format and separated by sensors and processors.
+Logical, controls whether to output observation-m
inus-background (O-B) files, which are in ASCII format, and separated by sensors and processors.
WRITE_OA_RAD_ASCII
-Logical, control if output Observation minus Analysis files (including also O minus B) which are ASCII format and separated by sensors and processors.
+Logical, controls whether to output observation-minus-analysis (O-A) files (including also O-B information), which are in ASCII format, and separated by sensors and processors.
USE_ERROR_FACTOR_RAD
-Logical, controls use of a radiance error tuning factor file radiance_error.factor, which is created with empirical values or generated using variational tunning method (Desroziers and Ivanov, 2001)
+Logical, controls use of a radiance error tuning factor file, radiance_error.factor, which is created with empirical values, or generated using a variational tuning method (Desroziers and Ivanov, 2001).
ONLY_SEA_RAD
Logical, controls whether only assimilating radiance over water.
@@ -795,59 +797,57 @
@
TIME_WINDOW_MAX
String, e.g., "2007-08-15_09:00:00.0000", end time of assimilation time window
-
-
USE_ANTCORR (30)
-Logical array with dimension RTMINIT_NSENSER, control if performing Antenna Correction in CRTM.
+Logical array with dimension RTMINIT_NSENSER, controls if performing Antenna Correction in CRTM.
AIRS_WARMEST_FOV
Logical, controls whether using the observation brightness temperature for AIRS Window channel #914 as criterium for GSI thinning.
USE_CRTM_KMATRIX
-Logical, controls whether using CRTM K matrix rather than calling CRTM TL and AD routines for gradient calculation.
+Logical, controls whether using the CRTM K matrix rather than calling CRTM TL and AD routines for gradient calculation.
USE_RTTOV_KMATRIX
-Logical, controls whether using RTTOV K matrix rather than calling RTTOV TL and AD routines for gradient calculation.
+Logical, controls whether using the RTTOV K matrix rather than calling RTTOV TL and AD routines for gradient calc
ulation.
RTTOV_EMIS_ATLAS_IR
-integer, control the use of IR emissivity atlas.
-Emissivity atlas data (should be downloaded separately from the RTTOV web site) need to be copied or linked under the sub-directory emis_data in the working directory if RTTOV_EMIS_ATLAS_IR is set to 1.
+integer, controls the use of the IR emissivity atlas.
+Emissivity atlas data (should be downloaded separately from the RTTOV web site) need to be copied or linked under the sub-directory, emis_data, in the working directory if RTTOV_EMIS_ATLAS_IR is set to 1.
RTTOV_EMIS_ATLAS_MW
-integer, control the use of MW emissivity atlas.
-Emissivity atlas data (should be downloaded separately from the RTTOV web site) need to be copied or linked under the sub-directory emis_data in the working directory if RTTOV_EMIS_ATLAS_MW is set to 1 or 2.
+integer, controls the use of the MW emissivity atlas.
+Emissivity atlas data (should be downloaded separately from the RTTOV web site) need to be copied or l
inked under the sub-directory, emis_data, in the working directory if RTTOV_EMIS_ATLAS_MW is set to 1 or 2.
h. Diagnostics and Monitoring
-(1) Monitoring capability within WRFDA.
+(1) Monitoring capability within WRFDA
Run WRFDA with the rad_monitoring namelist parameter in record wrfvar14 in namelist.input.
-0 means assimilating mode, innovations (O minus B) are calculated and data are used in minimization.
+0 means assimilating mode. Innovations (O minus B) are calculated and data are used in minimization.
1 means monitoring mode: innovations are calculated for diagnostics and monitoring. Data are not used in minimization.
-Number of rad_monitoring should correspond to number of rtminit_nsensor. If rad_monitoring is not set, then default value of 0 will be used for all sensors.
+The number of rad_monitoring should correspond to the number of rtminit_nsensor. If rad_monitoring is not set, then the default value of 0 will be used for all sensors.
(2) Out
puting radiance diagnostics from WRFDA
Run WRFDA with the following namelist variables in record wrfvar14 in namelist.input.
write_iv_rad_ascii=.true.
-to write out (observation-background) and other diagnostics information in plain-text files with prefix inv followed by instrument name and processor id. For example, 01_inv_noaa-17-amsub.0000 (01 is outerloop index, 0000 is processor index)
+to write out (observation-background, etc.) diagnostics information in plain-text files with the prefix inv, followed by the instrument name and the processor id. For example, 01_inv_noaa-17-amsub.0000 (01 is outerloop index, 0000 is processor index)
write_oa_rad_ascii=.true.
-to write out (observation-background), (observation-analysis) and other diagnostics information in plain-text files with prefix oma followed by instrument name and processor id. For example, 01_oma_noaa-18-mhs.0001
+to write out (observation-background, observation-analysis, etc.) diagnostics informati
on in plain-text files with the prefix oma, followed by the instrument name and the processor id. For example, 01_oma_noaa-18-mhs.0001
-Each processor writes out information of one instrument in one file in the WRFDA working directory.
+Each processor writes out the information for one instrument in one file in the WRFDA working directory.
(3) Radiance diagnostics data processing
-A Fortran90 program is used to collect the 01_inv* or 01_oma* files and write out in netCDF format (one instrument in one file with prefix diags followed by instrument name, analysis date, and suffix .nc)) for easier data viewing, handling and plotting with netCDF utilities and NCL scripts.
+A Fortran90 program is used to collect the 01_inv* or 01_oma* files and write them out in netCDF format (one instrument in one file with prefix diags followed by the instrument name, analysis date, and the suffix .nc)) for easier data viewing, handling and plotting with netCDF utilities and NCL scrip
ts.
(4) Radiance diagnostics plotting
-NCL scripts (WRFDA/var/graphics/ncl/plot_rad_diags.ncl and WRFDA/var/graphics/ncl/advance_cymdh.ncl) are used for plotting. The NCL script can be run from a shell script, or run stand-alone with interactive ncl command (need to edit the NCL script and set the plot options. Also the path of advance_cymdh.ncl, a date advancing script loaded in the main NCL plotting script, may need to be modified).
+NCL scripts (WRFDA/var/graphics/ncl/plot_rad_diags.ncl and WRFDA/var/graphics/ncl/advance_cymdh.ncl) are used for plotting. The NCL script can be run from a shell script, or run alone with an interactive ncl command (need to edit the NCL script and set the plot options. Also the path of advance_cymdh.ncl, a date advancing script loaded in the main NCL plotting script, may need to be modified).
Step (3) and (4) can be done by running a single ksh script (WRFDA/var/scripts/da_rad_diags.ksh) with proper settings. In addition to the settin
gs of directories and what instruments to plot, there are some useful plotting options, explained below.
@@ -869,15 +869,14 @@
(5) evolution of VarBC parameters
-NCL scripts (WRFDA/var/graphics/ncl/plot_rad_varbc_param.ncl and WRFDA/var/graphics/ncl/advance_cymdh.ncl) are used for plotting evolutions of VarBC parameters.
+NCL scripts (WRFDA/var/graphics/ncl/plot_rad_varbc_param.ncl and WRFDA/var/graphics/ncl/advance_cymdh.ncl) are used for plotting the evolution of VarBC parameters.
-
Updating WRF Boundary Conditions
-There are three input files: WRFDA analysis, wrfinput, and wrfbdy files from WPS/real.exe, and a namelist file: param.in for running da_update_bc.exe for domain-1. Before running NWP forecast using the WRF-model with WRFDA analysis, update the values and tendencies for each predicted variable in the first time period in the lateral boundary condition file. For domain-1 (wrfbdy_d01) must be updated to be consistent with the new WRFDA initial condition (analysis). This is absolutely essential. Moreover, in the cycling run mode (warm-start), the low boundary in the WRFDA analysis
file also needs to be updated based on the information from the wrfinput file generated by WPS/real.exe at analysis time.
-For the nested domains, domain-2, domain-3, the lateral boundaries are provided by their parent domains, so no lateral boundary update is needed for these domains; but the low boundaries in each of the nested domains WRFDA analysis files still need to be updated. In these cases, you must set the namelist variable, domain_id > 1 (default is 1 for domain-1), and no wrfbdy_d01file need to be provided to the namelist variable: wrf_bdy_file.
+There are three input files: WRFDA analysis, wrfinput, and wrfbdy files from WPS/real.exe, and a namelist file: param.in for running da_update_bc.exe for domain-1. Before running an NWP forecast using the WRF-model with WRFDA analysis, update the values and tendencies for each predicted variable in the first time period, in the lateral boundary condition file. Domain-1 (wrfbdy_d01) must be updated to be consistent
with the new WRFDA initial condition (analysis). This is absolutely essential. Moreover, in the cycling-run mode (warm-start), the lower boundary in the WRFDA analysis file also needs to be updated based on the information from the wrfinput file, generated by WPS/real.exe at analysis time.
+For the nested domains, domain-2, domain-3, the lateral boundaries are provided by their parent domains, so no lateral boundary update is needed for these domains; but the low boundaries in each of the nested domains WRFDA analysis files still need to be updated. In these cases, you must set the namelist variable, domain_id > 1 (default is 1 for domain-1), and no wrfbdy_d01file needs to be provided to the namelist variable wrf_bdy_file.
This procedure is performed by the WRFDA utility called da_updated_bc.exe.
-Note: Make sure that you have da_update_bc.exe in WRFDA/var/build directory. This executable should be created when you compiled WRFDA code,
+Note: Make sure that you hav
e da_update_bc.exe in the WRFDA/var/build directory. This executable should have been created when you compiled WRFDA code,
To run da_update_bc.exe, follow the steps below:
> cd WRFDA/var/test/update_bc
> cp p $DAT_DIR/rc/2008020512/wrfbdy_d01 ./wrfbdy_d01 (IMPORTANT: make a copy of wrfbdy_d01 as the wrf_bdy_file will be overwritten by da_update_bc.exe)
@@ -897,8 +896,10 @@
At this stage, you should have the files wrfvar_output and wrfbdy_d01 in your WRFDA working directory. They are the WRFDA updated initial condition and boundary condition for any subsequent WRF model runs. To use, link a copy of wrfvar_output and wrfbdy_d01 to wrfinput_d01 and wrfbdy_d01, respectively, in your WRF working directory.
-As of V3.2, some changes were made to da_update_bc to address some issues that are related to sea-ice and snow change during cycling runs and radiance data assimilation. The new settings in parame.in are introduced as follows. (However, for backward compatibility, the pre-V3.2 parame.in mentioned above still works with V3.2+ da_update_bc)
+As of V3.2, some changes were made to da_update_bc to address some issues that are related to sea-ice and snow change during cycling runs, and radiance data assimilation. The new settings in parame.in are introduced as follows:
+Note: for backward compatibility, the pre-V3.2 parame.in, mentioned above,
still works with V3.2+ da_update_bc.
+
&control_param
da_file = '../tutorial/wrfvar_output'
wrf_bdy_file = './wrfbdy_d01'
@@ -911,6 +912,11 @@
iswater = 16
/
+
+
+
+
+
update_lateral_bdy is required only for domain 1.
update_low_bdy is needed for all domains if running in cycling mode.
iswater (water point index) is 16 for USGS LANDUSE and 17 for MODIS LANDUSE.
@@ -919,34 +925,34 @@
update_lateral_bdy = .false.
update_low_bdy = .true.
-before running WRFDA, if in cycling mode (especially if you are doing radiance data assimilation and there is SEA ICE and SNOW in your domain) to get low-bdy updated first guess (da_file will be overwritten by da_update_bc).
+before running WRFDA, if in cycling mode (especially if you are doing radiance data assimilation and there are SEA ICE and SNOW in your domain) to get low-bdy updated first guess (da_file will be overwritten by da_update_bc).
Next run da_update_bc.exe with
update_lateral_bdy = .true.
update_low_bdy = .false.
-after WRFDA to get updated lateral boubdary conditions (wrf_bdy_file will be overwritten by da_update_bc).
+after WRFDA to get updated lateral boundary conditions (wrf_bdy_file will be overwritten by da_update_bc).
Running gen_be
-Starting with WRFDA version 3.1, users have three choices to define the background error covariance (BE). We call them CV3, cv5, and CV6 respecti
vely. With CV3 and CV5, the background errors are applied to the same set of the control variables, stream function, unbalanced potential velocity, unbalanced temperature, unbalanced surface pressure, and pseudo relative humidity. However, for CV6 the moisture control variable is the unbalanced part of pseudo relative humidity. With CV3, the control variables are in physical space while with CV5 and CV6 the control variables are in eigenvector space. So, the major differences between these two kinds of BE is the vertical covariance. CV3 uses the vertical recursive filter to model the vertical covariance but CV5 and CV6 use empirical orthogonal function (EOF) to represent the vertical covariance. The recursive filters to model the horizontal covariance are also different with these BEs. We have not conducted the systematic comparison of the analyses based on these BEs. However, CV3 (a BE file provided with our WRFDA system) is a global BE and can be used for any regional doma
ins while CV5 and CV6 BEs are domain-dependent, which should be generated based in the forecasts data from the same domain. At this time, it is hard to tell which BE is better; the impact on analysis may vary case by case.
+Starting with WRFDA version 3.1, users have three choices to define the background error covariance (BE). We call them CV3, CV5, and CV6 . With CV3 and CV5, the background errors are applied to the same set of the control variables, stream function, unbalanced potential velocity, unbalanced temperature, unbalanced surface pressure, and pseudo-relative-humidity. However, for CV6 the moisture control variable is the unbalanced part of pseudo-relative-humidity. With CV3, the control variables are in physical space while with CV5 and CV6, the control variables are in eigenvector space. So, the major difference between these two kinds of BE is the vertical covariance. CV3 uses the vertical recursive filter to model the vertical covariance but CV5 and CV6 use
an empirical orthogonal function (EOF) to represent the vertical covariance. The recursive filters to model the horizontal covariance are also different with these BEs. We have not conducted the systematic comparison of the analyses based on these BEs. However, CV3 (a BE file provided with our WRFDA system) is a global BE and can be used for any regional domain, while CV5 and CV6 BEs are domain-dependent, which should be generated based on the forecast data from the same domain. At this time, it is hard to tell which BE is better; the impact on analysis may vary from case to case.
-CV3 is the NCEP background error covariance, it is estimated in grid space by what has become known as the NMC method (Parrish and Derber 1992) . The statistics are estimated with the differences of 24 and 48-hour GFS forecasts with T170 resolution valid at the same time for 357 cases distributed over a period of one year. Both the amplitudes and the scales of the background error have to be
tuned to represent the forecast error in the guess fields. The statistics that project multivariate relations among variables are also derived from the NMC method.
+CV3 is the NCEP background error covariance. It is estimated in grid space by what has become known as the NMC method (Parrish and Derber 1992) . The statistics are estimated with the differences of 24 and 48-hour GFS forecasts with T170 resolution, valid at the same time for 357 cases, distributed over a period of one year. Both the amplitudes and the scales of the background error have to be tuned to represent the forecast error in the estimated fields. The statistics that project multivariate relations among variables are also derived from the NMC method.
-The variance of each variable and the variance of its second derivative are used to estimate its horizontal scales. For example, the horizontal scales of the stream function can be estimated from the variance of the vorticity and stream function.
+The var
iance of each variable, and the variance of its second derivative, are used to estimate its horizontal scales. For example, the horizontal scales of the stream function can be estimated from the variance of the vorticity and stream function.
-The vertical scales are estimated with the vertical correlation of each variable. A table is built to cover the range of vertical scales for the variables. The table is then used to find the scales in vertical grid units. The filter profile and the vertical correlation are fitted locally. The scale of the best fit from the table is assigned as the scale of the variable at that vertical level for each latitude. Note that the vertical scales are locally defined so that the negative correlation further away in the vertical direction is not included.
+The vertical scales are estimated with the vertical correlation of each variable. A table is built to cover the range of vertical scales for the variables. The table is then used to find the
scales in vertical grid units. The filter profile and the vertical correlation are fitted locally. The scale of the best fit from the table is assigned as the scale of the variable at that vertical level for each latitude. Note that the vertical scales are locally defined so that the negative correlation further away, in the vertical direction, is not included.
-Theoretically, CV3 BE is a generic background error statistics file which, can be used for any case. It is quite straightforward to use CV3 in your own case. To use the CV3 BE file in your case, set cv_options=3 in $wrfvar7 and the be.dat is located in WRFDA/var/run/be.dat.cv3.
+Theoretically, CV3 BE is a generic background error statistics file, which can be used for any case. It is quite straightforward to use CV3 in your own case. To use the CV3 BE file in your case, set cv_options=3 in $wrfvar7 and the be.dat is located in WRFDA/var/run/be.dat.cv3.
-To use CV5 or CV6 background error covariance, it is necess
ary to generate your domain-specific background error statistics with the gen_be utility. The background error statistics file supplied with the tutorial test case can NOT be used for your applications.
+To use CV5 or CV6 background error covariance, it is necessary to generate your domain-specific background error statistics with the gen_be utility. The background error statistics file, supplied with the tutorial test case, can NOT be used for your applications.
The Fortran main programs for gen_be can be found in WRFDA/var/gen_be. The executables of gen_be should be created after you have compiled the WRFDA code (as described earlier). The scripts to run these codes are in WRFDA/var/scripts/gen_be.
-The input data for gen_be are WRF forecasts, which are used to generate model perturbations, used as a proxy for estimates of forecast error. For the NMC-method, the model perturbations are differences between forecasts (e.g. T+24 minus T+12 is typical for regional appl
ications, T+48 minus T+24 for global) valid at the same time. Climatological estimates of background error may then be obtained by averaging such forecast differences over a period of time (e.g. one month). Given input from an ensemble prediction system (EPS), the inputs are the ensemble forecasts, and the model perturbations created are the transformed ensemble perturbations. The gen_be code has been designed to work with either forecast difference, or ensemble-based perturbations. The former is illustrated in this tutorial example.
+The input data for gen_be are WRF forecasts, which are used to generate model perturbations, used as a proxy for estimates of forecast error. For the NMC-method, the model perturbations are differences between forecasts (e.g. T+24 minus T+12 is typical for regional applications, T+48 minus T+24 for global) valid at the same time. Climatological estimates of background error may then be obtained by averaging such forecast differences over a peri
od of time (e.g. one month). Given input from an ensemble prediction system (EPS), the inputs are the ensemble forecasts, and the model perturbations created are the transformed ensemble perturbations. The gen_be code has been designed to work with either forecast difference or ensemble-based perturbations. The former is illustrated in this tutorial example.
-It is important to include forecast differences from at least 00Z and 12Z through the period, to remove the diurnal cycle (i.e. do not run gen_be using just 00Z or 12Z model perturbations alone).
+It is important to include forecast differences, from at least 00Z and 12Z through the period, to remove the diurnal cycle (i.e. do not run gen_be using just 00Z or 12Z model perturbations alone).
-The inputs to gen_be are netCDF WRF forecast output ("wrfout") files at specified forecast ranges. To avoid unnecessary large single data files, it is assumed that all forecast ranges are output to separate files. For
example, if we wish to calculate BE statistics using the NMC-method with (T+24)-(T+12) forecast differences (default for regional) then by setting the WRF namelist.input options history_interval=720, and frames_per_outfile=1 we get the necessary output datasets. Then the forecast output files should be arranged as follows: directory name is the forecast initial time, time info in the file name is the forecast valid time. 2008020512/wrfout_d01_2008-02-06_00:00:00 means a 12-hour forecast valid at 2008020600 initialized at 2008020512.
+The inputs to gen_be are netCDF WRF forecast output ("wrfout") files at specified forecast ranges. To avoid unnecessary large single data files, it is assumed that all forecast ranges are output to separate files. For example, if we wish to calculate BE statistics using the NMC-method with (T+24)-(T+12) forecast differences (default for regional) then by setting the WRF namelist.input options history_interval=720, and frames_per_outf
ile=1 we get the necessary output datasets. Then the forecast output files should be arranged as follows: directory name is the forecast initial time, time info in the file name is the forecast valid time. 2008020512/wrfout_d01_2008-02-06_00:00:00 means a 12-hour forecast valid at 2008020600, initialized at 2008020512.
-Example dataset for a test case (90 x 60 x 41 gridpoints) can be downloaded from HYPERLINK "http://www.mmm.ucar.edu/wrf/users/wrfda/download/testdata.html"http://www.mmm.ucar.edu/wrf/users/wrfda/download/testdata.html, untar the gen_be_forecasts_20080205.tar.gz, you will have:
+Example dataset for a test case (90 x 60 x 41 gridpoints) can be downloaded from HYPERLINK "http://www.mmm.ucar.edu/wrf/users/wrfda/download/testdata.html"http://www.mmm.ucar.edu/wrf/users/wrfda/download/testdata.html. Untar the gen_be_forecasts_20080205.tar.gz file. You will have:
>ls $FC_DIR
@@ -957,9 +963,9 @@
-rw-r--r-- 1 users 11556492 2008020612/wrfout_d01_2008-02-07_00:00:00
-rw-r--r-- 1 users 11556492 2008020612/wrfout_d01_2008-02-07_12:00:00
-In the above example, only 1 day (12Z 05 Feb to 12Z 06 Feb. 2002) of forecasts, every 12 hours are supplied to gen_be_wrapper to estimate forecast error covariance. It is only for demonstration. The minimum number of forecasts required depends on the application, number of grid points, etc. Month-long (or longer) datasets are typical for the NMC-method. Generally, at least a 1-month dataset should be used.
+In the above example, only 1 day (12Z 05 Feb to 12Z 06 Feb. 2002) of forecasts, every 12 hours is supplied to gen_be_wrapper to estimate forecast error covariance. It is only for demonstration. The minimum number of forecasts required depends on the application, number of grid points, etc. Month-long (or longer) datasets are typical for the NMC-method. Generally, at least a 1-month dataset should be used.
-Under WRFDA/
var/scripts/gen_be, gen_be_wrapper.ksh is used to generate the BE data, following variables need to be set to fit your case:
+Under WRFDA/var/scripts/gen_be, gen_be_wrapper.ksh is used to generate the BE data. The following variables need to be set to fit your case:
export WRFVAR_DIR=/users/noname/work/code/trunk/phoenix_g95_opt/WRFDA
export START_DATE=2008020612 # the first perturbation valid date
@@ -969,20 +975,20 @@
export FC_DIR=/users/noname/work/exps/friendlies/expt/fc # where wrf forecasts are
export RUN_DIR=/users/noname/work/exps/friendlies/gen_be${BIN_TYPE}
-Note: The START_DATE and END_DATE are perturbation valid dates. As show in the forecast list above, when you have 24-hour and 12-hour forecasts initialized at 2008020512 through 2008020612, the first and final forecast difference valid dates are 2008020612 and 2008020700 respectively.
+Note: The START_DATE and END_DATE are perturbation valid dates. As shown in the forecast list above, when you have 24-hour and 12-hour forecasts initialized at 2008020512, through 2008020612, the first and final forecast difference valid dates are 2008020612 and 2008020700, respectively.
Note: The forecast dataset should be located in $FC_DIR. Then type:
> gen_be_wrapper.ksh
-Once gen_be_wrapper.ksh run is completed, the be.dat can be found under $RUN_DIR directory.
+Once the gen_be_wrapper.ksh run is completed, the be.dat can be
found under the $RUN_DIR directory.
-To get a clear idea about what are included in be.dat, the script gen_be_plot_wrapper.ksh may be used to plot various data in be.dat, for example:
+To get a clear idea about what is included in be.dat, the script gen_be_plot_wrapper.ksh may be used. This plots various data in be.dat; for example:
Additional WRFDA Exercises:
a. Single Observation response in WRFDA:
-With the single observation test, you may get some ideas of how the background and observation error statistics work in the model variable space. Single observation test is done in WRFDA by setting num_pseudo=1 along with other pre-specified values in record &wrfvar15 and &wrfvar19 of namelist.input,
-With the settings shown below, WRFDA generates a single observation with pre-specified innovation (Observation First Guess) value at desired location e.g. at (in terms of grid coordinate) 23x23, level 14 for U observation with error characteristics 1 m/s,
innovation size = 1.0 m/s.
+With the single observation test, you may get some ideas of how the background and observation error statistics work in the model variable space. A single observation test is done in WRFDA by setting num_pseudo=1, along with other pre-specified values in record &wrfvar15 and &wrfvar19 of namelist.input,
+With the settings shown below, WRFDA generates a single observation with a pre-specified innovation (Observation First Guess) value at the desired location; e.g. at (in terms of grid coordinate) 23x23, level 14 for U observation with error characteristics 1 m/s, and innovation size = 1.0 m/s.
&wrfvar15
num_pseudo = 1,
pseudo_x = 23.0,
@@ -994,9 +1000,9 @@
&wrfvar19
pseudo_var = u, (Note: pseudo_var can be u, v, t, p, q. If pseudo_var is q, then the reasonable values of pseudo_err and pseudo_val are 0.001)
/
-Note: You may wish to repeat this exercise for other observations like temperature (t), pressure p, specific humidity q and so on.
+Note: You may wish to repeat this exercise for other observations, like temperature t, pressure p, specific humidity q, and so on.
b. Response of BE length scaling parameter:
-Run single observation test with following additional parameters in record &wrfvar7 of namelist.input
+Run the single observation test with the following additional parameters in record &wrfvar7 of namelist.input.
&wrfvar7
len_scaling1 = 0.5, # reduce psi length scale by 50%
len_scaling2 = 0.5, # reduce chi_u length scale by 50%
@@ -1004,9 +1010,9 @@
len_scaling4 = 0.5, # reduce q length scale by 50%
len_scaling5 = 0.5, # reduce Ps length scale by 50%
/
-Note: You may wish to try the response of an individual variable by setting one parameter at a time. See the spread of analysis increment.
+Note: You may wish to try the response of an individual variable by setting one parameter at a time. Note the spread of analysis increment.
c. Response of changing BE variance:
-Run the single observation test with following additional parameters in record &wrfvar7 of namelist.input
+Run the single observation test with the following additional parameters in record &wrfvar7 of namelist.input.
&wrfvar7
var_scaling1 = 0.25, # reduce psi variance by 75%
var_scaling2 = 0.25, # reduce chi_u variance by 75%
@@ -1014,50 +1020,52 @@
var_scaling4 = 0.25, # reduce q variance by 75%
var_scaling5 = 0.25, # reduce Ps variance by 75%
/
-Note: You may wish to try the response of individual variable by setting one parameter at one time. See the magnitude of analysis increments.
+Note: You may wish to try the response of individual variable by setting one parameter at a time. Note the magnitude of analysis increments.
d. Response of convergence criteria:
Run the tutorial case with
&wrfvar6
eps = 0.0001,
/
-You may wish to compare various diagnostics with the earlier run.
+You may wish to compare various diagnostics with an earlier run.
e. Response of outer loop on minimization:
Run the tutorial case with
&wrfvar6
max_ext_its = 2,
/
-With this setting outer loop for the minimization procedure will be activated. You may wish to compare various diagnostics with earlier run.
+With this setting, the outer loop for the minimization procedure will be activated. You may wish to com
pare various diagnostics with an earlier run.
Note: The Maximum permissible value for MAX_EXT_ITS is 10.
f. Response of suppressing particular types of data in WRFDA:
-The types of observations that WRFDA gets to use actually depend on what is included in the observation file and the WRFDA namelist settings. For example, if you have SYNOP data in the observation file, you can suppress its usage in WRFDA by setting use_synopobs=false in record &wrfvar4 of namelist.input. It is OK if there is no SYNOP data in the observation file and use_synopobs=true.
+The types of observations that WRFDA gets to use actually depend on what is included in the observation file and the WRFDA namelist settings. For example, if you have SYNOP data in the observation file, you can suppress its usage in WRFDA by setting use_synopobs=false in record &wrfvar4 of namelist.input. It is OK if there are no SYNOP data in the observation file and use_synopobs=true.
Turning on and off certain
types of observations is widely used for assessing the impact of observations on data assimilations.
Note: It is important to go through the default use_* settings in record &wrfvar4 in WRFDA/Registry/Registry.wrfvar to know what observations are activated in default.
WRFDA with Multivariate Background Error (MBE) Statistics
-A new control variable option to implement multivariate background error (MBE) statistics in WRFDA has been introduced. It may be activated by setting the namelist variable cv_options=6. This option introduces six additional correlation coefficients in the definition of balanced part of analysis control variables. Thus with this implementation, moisture analysis is multivariate in the sense that temperature and wind may lead to moisture increments and vise-versa. The gen_be utility has also been updated to compute the desired MBE statistics required for this option. The updates include basic source code, scripts and graphics to dis
play some important diagnostics about MBE statistics. Further details may be seen at:
+A new control variable option to implement multivariate background error (MBE) statistics in WRFDA has been introduced. It may be activated by setting the namelist variable cv_options=6. This option introduces six additional correlation coefficients in the definition of the balanced part of analysis control variables. Thus with this implementation, moisture analysis is multivariate, in the sense that temperature and wind may lead to moisture increments, and vise-versa. The gen_be utility has also been updated to compute the desired MBE statistics required for this option. The updates include basic source code, scripts, and graphics to display some important diagnostics about MBE statistics. Further details may be seen at:
https://wiki.ucar.edu/download/attachments/60622477/WRFDA__update_for_cv6.pdf
-a. How to generate multivariate background error statistics for WRFDA?
-Mult
ivariate background error statistics for WRFDA is generated by executing a top-level script gen_be/wrapper_gen_be_gsi.ksh residing under SCRIPTS_DIR via a suitable wrapper script. The rest of the procedure remains the same as with normal running of the gen_be utility. A successful run will create a be.dat file in RUN_DIR directory.
-b. How to run WRFDA with multivariate background error statistics?
-After successfully generating multivariate background error statistics file be.dat the procedure for running WRFDA is straight. If WRFDA is run through wrapper script, declare suitably the namelist variable NL_CV_OPTIONS=6 in the wrapper script. If WRFDA is run directly (by executing da_wrfvar.exe) then, include cv_options=6 in namelist.input file under wrfvar7 list of namelist options.
-c. How to tune multivariate background error statistics in running WRFDA?
-Following is the list of nine tuning parameters available in WRFDA. Default values for thes
e variables are set as 1.0. By setting corresponding values > 1.0 (< 1.0) will increase (decrease) the corresponding contributions as described in the following Table.
+
+
+a. How to generate multivariate background error statistics for WRFDA
+Multivariate background error statistics for WRFDA is generated by executing a top-level script, gen_be/wrapper_gen_be_gsi.ksh, residing under SCRIPTS_DIR, via a suitable wrapper script. The rest of the procedure remains the same as with normal running of the gen_be utility. A successful run will create a be.dat file in RUN_DIR directory.
+b. How to run WRFDA with multivariate background error statistics
+After successfully generating multivariate background error statistics file be.dat, the procedure for running WRFDA is straight-forward. If WRFDA is run through the wrapper script, suitably declare the namelist variable NL_CV_OPTIONS=6 in the wrapper script. If WRFDA is run directly (by executing da_wrfva
r.exe), then include cv_options=6 in the namelist.input file under the wrfvar7 list of namelist options.
+c. How to tune multivariate background error statistics in running WRFDA
+Below is a list of nine tuning parameters available in WRFDA. Default values for these variables are set as 1.0. Setting corresponding values > 1.0 (< 1.0) will increase (decrease) the corresponding contributions as described in the following Table:
Variable name Descriptionpsi_chi_factorParameter to control contribution of stream function in defining balanced part of velocity potentialpsi_t_factorParameter to control contribution of stream function in defining balanced part of temperaturepsi_ps_factorParameter to control contribution of stream function in defining balanced part of surface pressurepsi_rh_factorParameter to control contribution of stream function in defining balanced part of moisturechi_u_t_factorParameter to control contrib
ution of unbalanced part of velocity potential in defining balanced part of temperaturechi_u_ps_factorParameter to control contribution of unbalanced part of velocity potential in defining balanced part of surface pressurechi_u_rh_factorParameter to control contribution of unbalanced part of velocity potential in defining balanced part of moisturet_u_rh_factorParameter to control contribution of unbalanced part of temperature in defining balanced part of moistureps_u_rh_factorParameter to control contribution of unbalanced part of surface pressure in defining balanced part of moisture
WRFDA Diagnostics
WRFDA produces a number of diagnostic files that contain useful information on how the data assimilation has performed. This section will introduce you to some of these files, and what to look for.
-Having run WRFDA, it is important to check a number of output files to see if the assimilation appears sensible. The WRFDA package, which includes lots of useful
scripts may be downloaded from HYPERLINK "http://www.mmm.ucar.edu/wrf/users/wrfda/download/tools.html"http://www.mmm.ucar.edu/wrf/users/wrfda/download/tools.html
+After running WRFDA, it is important to check a number of output files to see if the assimilation appears sensible. The WRFDA package, which includes several useful scripts, may be downloaded from HYPERLINK "http://www.mmm.ucar.edu/wrf/users/wrfda/download/tools.html"http://www.mmm.ucar.edu/wrf/users/wrfda/download/tools.html
The content of some useful diagnostic files are as follows:
-cost_fn and grad_fn: These files hold (in ASCII format) WRFDA cost and gradient function values, respectively, for the first and last iterations. However, if you run with PRINT_DETAIL_GRAD=true, these values will be listed for each iteration; this can be helpful for visualization purposes. The NCL script WRFDA/var/graphics/ncl/plot_cost_grad_fn.ncl may be used to plot the content of cost_fn and grad_fn,
if these files are generated with PRINT_DETAIL_GRAD=true.
- Note: Make sure that you removed first two lines (header) in cost_fn and grad_fn before you plot. Also, you need to specify the directory name for these two files.
-gts_omb_oma_01: It contains (in ASCII format) information on all of the observations used by the WRFDA run. Each observation has its observed value, quality flag, observation error, observation minus background (OMB), and observation minus analysis (OMA). This information is very useful for both analysis and forecasts verification purposes.
-namelist.input: This is the WRFDA input namelist file, which contains all the user defined non-default options. Any namelist defined options that do not appear in this file, should have their names checked against values in WRFDA/Registry/Registry.wrfvar.
+cost_fn and grad_fn: These files hold (in ASCII format) WRFDA cost and gradient function values, respectively, for the first and last iterations. If yo
u run with PRINT_DETAIL_GRAD=true, however, these values will be listed for each iteration; this can be helpful for visualization purposes. The NCL script WRFDA/var/graphics/ncl/plot_cost_grad_fn.ncl may be used to plot the content of cost_fn and grad_fn, if these files are generated with PRINT_DETAIL_GRAD=true.
+ Note: Make sure that you remove the first two lines (header) in cost_fn and grad_fn before you plot. You also need to specify the directory name for these two files.
+gts_omb_oma_01: It contains (in ASCII format) information on all of the observations used by the WRFDA run. Each observation has its observed value, quality flag, observation error, observation minus background (OMB), and observation minus analysis (OMA). This information is very useful for both analysis and forecast verification purposes.
+namelist.input: This is the WRFDA input namelist file, which contains all the user-defined non-default options. Any namelist-defined options that do not app
ear in this file, should have their names checked against the values in WRFDA/Registry/Registry.wrfvar.
namelist.output: A consolidated list of all the namelist options used.
-rsl*: Files containing information of standard WRFDA output from individual processors when multiple processors are used. It contains host of information on number of observations, minimization, timings etc. Additional diagnostics may be printed in these files by including various print WRFDA namelist options. To learn more about these additional print options, search print_ string in WRFDA/Registry/Registry.wrfvar.
-statistics: Text file containing OMB (OI), OMA (OA) statistics (minimum, maximum, mean and standard deviation) for each observation type and variable. This information is very useful in diagnosing how WRFDA has used different components of the observing system. Also contained are the analysis minus background (A-B) statistics i.e. statistics of the analysis increments for
each model variable at each model level. This information is very useful in checking the range of analysis increment values found in the analysis, and where they are in the WRF-model grid space.
-The WRFDA analysis file is wrfvar_output. It is in WRF (NetCDF) format. It will become the input file wrfinput_d01 of any subsequent WRF runs after lateral boundary and/or low boundary conditions are updated by another WRFDA utility (See section Updating WRF boundary conditions).
-A NCL script WRFDA/var/graphics/ncl/WRF-Var_plot.ncl, is provided for plotting. You need to specify the analsyis_file name, its full path etc. Please see the in-line comments in the script for details.
-As an example, if you are aiming to display U-component of the analysis at level 18, execute the following command after modifying the script WRFDA/var/graphcs/ncl/WRF-Var_plot.ncl, and make sure the following pieces of codes are uncommented:
+rsl*: Files containing information for standard WRFDA
output from individual processors when multiple processors are used. It contains a host of information on a number of observations, minimization, timings, etc. Additional diagnostics may be printed in these files by including various print WRFDA namelist options. To learn more about these additional print options, search for the print_ string in WRFDA/Registry/Registry.wrfvar.
+statistics: Text file containing OMB (OI), OMA (OA) statistics (minimum, maximum, mean and standard deviation) for each observation type and variable. This information is very useful in diagnosing how WRFDA has used different components of the observing system. Also contained are the analysis minus background (A-B) statistics, i.e. statistics of the analysis increments for each model variable at each model level. This information is very useful in checking the range of analysis increment values found in the analysis, and where they are in the WRF-model grid space.
+The WRFDA analysis file is wr
fvar_output. It is in WRF (NetCDF) format. It will become the input file wrfinput_d01 of any subsequent WRF run after lateral boundary and/or lower boundary conditions are updated by another WRFDA utility (See the section Updating WRF boundary conditions).
+An NCL script, WRFDA/var/graphics/ncl/WRF-Var_plot.ncl, is provided for plotting. You need to specify the analsyis_file name, its full path, etc. Please see the in-line comments in the script for details.
+As an example, if you are aiming to display the U-component of the analysis at level 18, execute the following command after modifying the script WRFDA/var/graphcs/ncl/WRF-Var_plot.ncl, and make sure the following pieces of codes are uncommented:
var = "U"
fg = first_guess->U
an = analysis->U
@@ -1066,27 +1074,28 @@
> ncl WRF-Var_plot.ncl
The plot should look like:
-You may change the variable name, level etc in this script to display the variable of your choice at the desired eta level.
+You may change the variable name, level, etc. in this script to display the variable of your choice at the desired eta level.
Take time to look through the text output files to ensure you understand how WRFDA works. For example:
-How closely has WRFDA fitted individual observation types? Look at the statistics file to compare the O-B and O-A statistics.
-How big are the analysis increments? Again, look in the statistics file to see minimum/maximum values of A-B for each variable at various levels. It will give you a feel for the impact of input observation data you assimilated via WRFDA by modifying the input analysis first guess.
-How long did WRFDA take to converge? Does it really converge? You will get the answers of all these questions by looking into rsl-files, as it indicates the numb
er of iterations taken by WRFDA to converge. If this is the same as the maximum number of iterations specified in the namelist (NTMAX) or its default value (=200) set in WRFDA/Registry/Registry.wrfvar, then it means that the analysis solution did not converge. If so, you may need to increase the value of NTMAX and rerun your case to ensure that the convergence is achieved. On the other hand, a normal WRFDA run should usually converge within 100 iterations. If it still doesnt converge in 200 iterations, that means there might be some problem in the observations or first guess.
-A good visual way of seeing the impact of assimilation of observations is to plot the analysis increments (i.e. analysis minus first guess difference). Many different graphics packages (e.g. RIP4, NCL, GRADS etc) can do this. The plot of level 18 theta increments below was produced using the particular NCL script. This script is located at WRFDA/var/graphics/ncl/WRF-Var_plot.ncl.
+How closely has WR
FDA fit individual observation types? Look at the statistics file to compare the O-B and O-A statistics.
+How big are the analysis increments? Again, look in the statistics file to see minimum/maximum values of A-B for each variable at various levels. It will give you a feel for the impact of the input observation data you assimilated via WRFDA by modifying the input analysis first guess.
+How long did WRFDA take to converge? Does it really converge? You will get the answers of all these questions by looking into rsl-files, as it indicates the number of iterations taken by WRFDA to converge. If this is the same as the maximum number of iterations specified in the namelist (NTMAX), or its default value (=200) set in WRFDA/Registry/Registry.wrfvar, then it means that the analysis solution did not converge. If this is the case, you may need to increase the value of NTMAX and rerun your case to ensure that the convergence is achieved. On the other hand, a normal WRFDA run sh
ould usually converge within 100 iterations. If it still doesnt converge in 200 iterations, that means there might be some problem in the observations or first guess.
+A good way to visualize the impact of assimilation of observations is to plot the analysis increments (i.e. analysis minus the first guess difference). Many different graphics packages (e.g. RIP4, NCL, GRADS etc) can do this. The plot of level 18 theta increments below was produced using this particular NCL script. This script is located at WRFDA/var/graphics/ncl/WRF-Var_plot.ncl.
You need to modify this script to fix the full path for first_guess & analysis files. You may also use it to modify the display level by setting kl and the name of the variable to display by setting var. Further details are given in this script.
-If you are aiming to display the increment of potential temperature at level 18, after modifying WRFDA/var/graphcs/ncl/WRF-Var_plot.ncl, make sure following pieces of codes are un
commented:
+If you are aiming to display the increment of potential temperature at level 18, after modifying WRFDA/var/graphcs/ncl/WRF-Var_plot.ncl, make sure the following pieces of code are uncommented:
var = "T"
fg = first_guess->T ;Theta- 300
an = analysis->T ;Theta- 300
plot_data = an - fg
When you execute the following command from WRFDA/var/graphics/ncl.
> ncl WRF-Var_plot.ncl
-The plot created will looks as follows:
+The plot created will look as follows:
Note: Larger analysis increments indicate a larger data impact in the corresponding region of the domain.
Hybrid Data Assimilation in WRFDA
The WRFDA system also includes a hybrid data assimilation technique, which is based on the existing 3DVAR. The difference between hybrid and 3DVAR schemes is that 3DVAR relies solely on a static covariance model to specify the background errors, while the hybrid system uses a combination of 3DVAR static error covariances and ensemble-estima
ted error covariances to incorporate a flow-dependent estimate of the background error statistics. Please refer to Wang et al. (2008a,b) for a detailed description of the methodology used in the WRF hybrid system. The following section will give a brief introduction of some aspects of using the hybrid system.
+
a. Source Code
Three executables are used in the hybrid system. If you have successfully compiled the WRFDA system, you will see the following:
@@ -1099,11 +1108,11 @@
b. Running The Hybrid System
-The procedure is the same as running 3DVAR/4DVAR with the exception of some extra input files and namelist settings. The basic input files for WRFDA are LANDUSE.TBL, ob.ascii or ob.bufr (depending on which observation format you use), and be.dat (static background errors). Additional input files required by the hybrid are a single ensemble mean file (used as the fg for the hybrid application) and a set of ensemble perturbation files (used to represent flow-dependent background errors).
+The procedure is the same as running 3DVAR/4DVAR, with the exception of some extra input files and namelist settings. The basic input files for WRFDA are LANDUSE.TBL, ob.ascii or ob.bufr (depending on which observation format you use), and be.dat (static background errors). Additional input files required by the hybrid are a single ensemble mean file (used as the fg for the hybrid application) and a set of ensemble perturbation files (used to represent flow-
dependent background errors).
-A set of initial ensemble members must be prepared before the hybrid application can be started. These ensembles can be obtained from other ensemble model outputs or you can generate them yourself, for example, adding random noise to the initial conditions at a previous time and integrating each member to the desired time. Once you have the initial ensembles, the ensemble mean and perturbations can be calculated following the steps below.
+A set of initial ensemble members must be prepared before the hybrid application can be started. These ensembles can be obtained from other ensemble model outputs or you can generate them yourself; for example, adding random noise to the initial conditions at a previous time and integrating each member to the desired time. Once you have the initial ensembles, the ensemble mean and perturbations can be calculated following the steps below:
-1) Calculate ensemble mean
+1) Calculate the ensemble mean
Cop
y or link the ensemble forecasts to your working directory. In this example, the time is 2006102712.
< ln -sf /wrfhelp/DATA/VAR/Hybrid/fc/2006102712.e0* .
@@ -1160,58 +1169,57 @@
Description of Namelist Variables
WRFDA namelist variables.
-Variable NamesDefault ValueDescription&wrfvar1write_incrementsfalse.true.: write out a binary analysis increment filevar4dfalse.true.: 4D-Var modevar4d_lbctrue.true.: on/off for lateral boundary control in 4D-Varvar4d_bin3600seconds, observation sub-window length for 4D-Var multi_inc0> 0: multi-incremental runprint_detail_radarfalseprint_detail_xxx: output extra (sometimes can be too many) diagnostics for debugging; not recommended to turn them on for production runsprint_detail_xafalseprint_detail_xbfalseprint_detail_obsfalseprint_detail_gradfalse
-.true.: to print out detailed gradient of each observation type at each iterationcheck_max_iv_printtrueobsolete (used only by Radar)&wrfvar2analysis_accu900seconds, if the time difference between the namelist setting (analysis_date) and date info read in from first guess is larger than
analysis_accu, WRFDA will issue a warning message ("=======> Wrong xb time found???"), but won't abort.
-calc_w_incrementfalse.true.: the increment of the vertical velocity W will be diagnosed based on the increments of other fields. If there is information of the W from observations assimilated, such as the Radar radial velocity, the W increments are always computed, no matter calc_w_increment=true. or .false.
-.false.: the increment of the vertical velocity W is zero if no W information is assimilated.dt_cloud_modelfalseNot used&wrfvar3fg_format1 1: fg_format_wrf_arw_regional (default)
+Variable NamesDefault ValueDescription&wrfvar1write_incrementsfalse.true.: write out a binary analysis increment filevar4dfalse.true.: 4D-Var modevar4d_lbctrue.true.: on/off for lateral boundary control in 4D-Varvar4d_bin3600seconds, observation sub-window length for 4D-Var multi_inc0> 0: multi-incremental runprint_det
ail_radarfalseprint_detail_xxx: output extra (sometimes can be too many) diagnostics for debugging; not recommended to turn them on for production runsprint_detail_xafalseprint_detail_xbfalseprint_detail_obsfalseprint_detail_gradfalse.true.: to print out a detailed gradient of each observation type at each iterationcheck_max_iv_printtrueobsolete (used only by Radar)&wrfvar2analysis_accu900in seconds, if the time difference between the namelist setting (analysis_date) and date info read-in from the first guess is larger than analysis_accu, WRFDA will issue a warning message ("=======> Wrong xb time found???"), but won't abort.
+calc_w_incrementfalse.true.: the increment of the vertical velocity, W, will be diagnosed based on the increments of other fields. If there is information on the W from observations assimilated, such as the Radar radial velocity, the W increments are always computed, whether calc_w_increment=true. or .f
alse.
+.false.: the increment of the vertical velocity W is zero if no W information is assimilated.dt_cloud_modelfalseNot used&wrfvar3fg_format1 1: fg_format_wrf_arw_regional (default)
2: fg_format_wrf_nmm_regional
3: fg_format_wrf_arw_global
4: fg_format_kma_global
-ob_format21: ob_format_bufr (NCEP PREPBUFR), read in data from ob.bufr (not fully tested)
+ob_format21: ob_format_bufr (NCEP PREPBUFR), read in data from ob.bufr (not fully tested)
2: ob_format_ascii (output from obsproc), read in data from ob.ascii (default)
3: ob_format_madis (not tested)
-num_fgat_time11: 3DVar
-> 1: number of time slots for FGAT and 4DVAR &wrfvar4thin_convtruefor ob_format=1 (NCEP PREPBUFR) only. thining is mandatory for ob_format=1 as time-duplicate data are "thinned" within thinning routine, however, thin_conv can be set to .false. for debugging purpose.thin_mesh_conv 20. (max_instruments)for ob_format=1 (NCEP PREPBUFR) onl
y.
+num_fgat_time11: 3DVar
+> 1: number of time slots for FGAT and 4DVAR &wrfvar4thin_convtruefor ob_format=1 (NCEP PREPBUFR) only. thinning is mandatory for ob_format=1, as time-duplicate data are "thinned" within the thinning routine; however, thin_conv can be set to .false. for debugging purpose.thin_mesh_conv 20. (max_instruments)for ob_format=1 (NCEP PREPBUFR) only.
km, each observation type can set its thinning mesh and the index/order follows the definition in
-WRFDA/var/da/da_control/da_control.f90use_synopobstrueuse_xxxobs - .true.: assimilate xxx obs if available
+WRFDA/var/da/da_control/da_control.f90use_synopobstrueuse_xxxobs - .true.: assimilate xxx obs if available
.false.: not assimilate xxx obs even available
-use_shipsobstrueuse_metarobstrueuse_soundobstrueuse_pilotobstrueuse_airepobstrueuse_geoamvobstrueuse_polaramvobstrueuse_bogusobstrueuse_buoyobstrueuse_profilerob
strueuse_satemobstrueuse_gpspwobstrueuse_gpsrefobstrueuse_qscatobstrueuse_radarobsfalseuse_radar_rvfalseuse_radar_rffalseuse_airsretobstrue ; use_hirs2obs, use_hirs3obs, use_hirs4obs, use_mhsobs
+use_shipsobstrueuse_metarobstrueuse_soundobstrueuse_pilotobstrueuse_airepobstrueuse_geoamvobstrueuse_polaramvobstrueuse_bogusobstrueuse_buoyobstrueuse_profilerobstrueuse_satemobstrueuse_gpspwobstrueuse_gpsrefobstrueuse_qscatobstrueuse_radarobsfalseuse_radar_rvfalseuse_radar_rffalseuse_airsretobstrue ; use_hirs2obs, use_hirs3obs, use_hirs4obs, use_mhsobs
; use_msuobs, use_amsuaobs, use_amsubobs, use_airsobs,
; use_eos_amsuaobs, use_hsbobs, use_ssmisobs are
; radiance-related variables that only control if reading
; in corresponding BUFR files into WRFDA or not, but
; do not control if assimilate the data or not.
; Some more
variables have to be set in &wrfvar14 in order
- ; to assimilate radiance data.use_hirs2obsfasle.true.: to read in data from hirs2.bufruse_hirs3obsfalse.true.: to read in data from hirs3.bufruse_hirs4obsfalse.true.: to read in data from hirs4.bufruse_mhsobsfalse.true.: to read in data from mhs.bufruse_msuobsfalse.true.: to read in data from msu.bufruse_amsuaobsfalse.true.: to read in data from amsua.bufruse_amsubobsfalse.true.: to read in data from amsub.bufruse_airsobsfalse.true.: to read in data from airs.bufruse_eos_amsuaobsfalse.true.: to read in data from airs.bufruse_hsbobsfalse.true.: to read in data from hsb.bufruse_ssmisobsfalse.true.: to read in data from ssmis.bufruse_obs_errfacfalse.true.: apply obs error tuning factors if errfac.dat is available for conventional data only&wrfvar5
-check_max_ivtrue.true.: reject the observations whose innovations (O-B) are larger than a maximum val
ue defined as a multiple of the observation error for each observation. i.e., inv > (obs_error*factor) --> fails_error_max; the default maximum value is 5 times the observation error ; the factor of 5 can be changed through max_error_* settings.max_error_t5.0maximum check_max_iv error check factor for tmax_error_uv5.0maximum check_max_iv error check factor for u and vmax_error_pw5.0maximum check_max_iv error check factor for precipitable watermax_error_ref5.0maximum check_max_iv error check factor for gps refractivitymax_error_q5.0maximum check_max_iv error check factor for specific humiditymax_error_p5.0maximum check_max_iv error check factor for pressuremax_error_thicknessmaximum check_max_iv error check factor for thicknessmax_error_rvmaximum check_max_iv error check factor for radar radial velocitymax_error_rfmaximum check_max_iv error check factor for radar reflectivity&wrfvar6max_ext_its1number of outer l
oopsntmax200maximum number of iterations in an inner loopeps
-0.01 (max_ext_its)minimization convergence criterion (used dimension: max_ext_its); minimization stops when the norm of the gradient of the cost function gradient is reduced by a factor of eps. inner minimization stops either when the criterion is met or when inner iterations reach ntmax.&wrfvar7cv_options53: NCEP Background Error model
+ ; to assimilate radiance data.use_hirs2obsfasle.true.: to read in data from hirs2.bufruse_hirs3obsfalse.true.: to read in data from hirs3.bufruse_hirs4obsfalse.true.: to read in data from hirs4.bufruse_mhsobsfalse.true.: to read in data from mhs.bufruse_msuobsfalse.true.: to read in data from msu.bufruse_amsuaobsfalse.true.: to read in data from amsua.bufruse_amsubobsfalse.true.: to read in data from amsub.bufruse_airsobsfalse.true.: to read in data from airs.bufruse_eos_amsuaobsfalse.true.: to read in data from airs.
bufruse_hsbobsfalse.true.: to read in data from hsb.bufruse_ssmisobsfalse.true.: to read in data from ssmis.bufruse_obs_errfacfalse.true.: apply obs error tuning factors if errfac.dat is available for conventional data only&wrfvar5
+check_max_ivtrue.true.: reject the observations whose innovations (O-B) are larger than a maximum value defined as a multiple of the observation error for each observation. i.e., inv > (obs_error*factor) --> fails_error_max; the default maximum value is 5 times the observation error ; the factor of 5 can be changed through max_error_* settings.max_error_t5.0maximum check_max_iv error check factor for tmax_error_uv5.0maximum check_max_iv error check factor for u and vmax_error_pw5.0maximum check_max_iv error check factor for precipitable watermax_error_ref5.0maximum check_max_iv error check factor for gps refractivitymax_error_q5.0maximum check_max_iv error check factor for specific humiditymax
_error_p5.0maximum check_max_iv error check factor for pressuremax_error_thicknessmaximum check_max_iv error check factor for thicknessmax_error_rvmaximum check_max_iv error check factor for radar radial velocitymax_error_rfmaximum check_max_iv error check factor for radar reflectivity&wrfvar6max_ext_its1number of outer loopsntmax200maximum number of iterations in an inner loopeps
+0.01 (max_ext_its)minimization convergence criterion (used dimension: max_ext_its); minimization stops when the norm of the gradient of the cost function gradient is reduced by a factor of eps. inner minimization stops either when the criterion is met or when inner iterations reach ntmax.&wrfvar7cv_options53: NCEP Background Error model
5: NCAR Background Error model (default)
-6: Use of multivariate background error statisticsas1(3)-1.0tuning factors for variance, horizontal and vertical scales for control variable 1 = stream function. For cv_optio
ns=3 only. The actual default values are 0.25, 1.0, 1.5.as2(3)-1.0tuning factors for variance, horizontal and vertical scales for control variable 2 - unbalanced potential velocity. For cv_options=3 only. The actual default values are 0.25, 1.0, 1.5.as3(3)-1.0tuning factors for variance, horizontal and vertical scales for control variable 3 - unbalanced temperature. For cv_options=3 only. The actual default values are 0.25, 1.0, 1.5.as4(3) -1.0tuning factors for variance, horizontal and vertical scales for control variable 4 - pseudo relative humidity. For cv_options=3 only. The actual default values are 0.25, 1.0, 1.5.as5(3)-1.0tuning factors for variance, horizontal and vertical scales for control variable 5 - unbalanced surface pressure. For cv_options=3 only. The actual default values are 0.25, 1.0, 1.5.rf_passes6number of passes of recursive filter.var_scaling11.0tuning factor of background error covariance for control variable 1 - stream f
unction. For cv_options=5 only.var_scaling21.0tuning factor of background error covariance for control variable 2 - unbalanced velocity potential. For cv_options=5 only.var_scaling31.0tuning factor of background error covariance for control variable 3 - unbalanced temperature. For cv_options=5 only.var_scaling41.0tuning factor of background error covariance for control variable 4 - pseudo relative humidity. For cv_options=5 only.var_scaling51.0tuning factor of background error covariance for control variable 5 - unbalanced surface pressure. For cv_options=5 only.len_scaling11.0tuning factor of scale-length for stream function. For cv_options=5 only.len_scaling21.0tuning factor of scale-length for unbalanced velocity potential. For cv_options=5 only.len_scaling31.0tuning factor of scale-length for unbalanced temperature. For cv_options=5 only.len_scaling41.0tuning factor of scale-length for pseudo relative humidity. For cv_options=5
only.len_scaling51.0tuning factor of scale-length for unbalanced surface pressure. For cv_options=5 only.je_factor1.0ensemble covariance weighting factor&wrfvar8 ;not used&wrfvar9for program tracing. trace_use=.true. gives additional performance diagnostics (calling tree, local routine timings, overall routine timings, memory usage) It does not change results, but does add runtime overhead.stdout6unit number for standard outputstderr0unit number for error outputtrace_unit7Unit number for tracing output note that units 10 and 9 are reserved for reading namelist.input and writing namelist.output respectively.trace_pe0Currently, statistics are always calculated for all processors, and output by processor 0.trace_repeat_head10the number of times any trace statement will produce output for any particular routine. This stops overwhelming trace output when a routine is called multiple times. Once this limit is reached a 'going qui
et' message is written to the trace file, and no more output is produced from the routine, though statistics are still gathered.trace_repeat_body10see trace_repeat_head descriptiontrace_max_depth30define the deepest level to which tracing writes outputtrace_usetrue.true.: activate tracingtrace_use_frequentfalsetrace_use_dullfalsetrace_memorytrue.true.: calculate allocated memory using a mallinfo call. On some platforms (Cray and Mac), mallinfo is not available and no memory monitoring can be done.trace_all_pesfalse.true.: tracing is output for all pes. As stated in trace_pe, this does not change processor statistics.trace_csvtrue.true.: tracing statistics are written to a xxxx.csv file in CSV formatuse_htmltrue.true.: tracing and error reporting routines will include HTML tags.warnings_are_fatalfalse.true.: warning messages that would normally allow the program to continue are treated as fatal errors.&wrfvar10 ; for
code developer&wrfvar11cv_options_hum1do not changecheck_rh0 --> No supersaturation check after minimization.
+6: Use of multivariate background error statisticsas1(3)-1.0tuning factors for variance, horizontal and vertical scales for control variable 1 = stream function. For cv_options=3 only. The actual default values are 0.25, 1.0, 1.5.as2(3)-1.0tuning factors for variance, horizontal and vertical scales for control variable 2 - unbalanced potential velocity. For cv_options=3 only. The actual default values are 0.25, 1.0, 1.5.as3(3)-1.0tuning factors for variance, horizontal and vertical scales for control variable 3 - unbalanced temperature. For cv_options=3 only. The actual default values are 0.25, 1.0, 1.5.as4(3) -1.0tuning factors for variance, horizontal and vertical scales for control variable 4 - pseudo relative humidity. For cv_options=3 only. The actual default values are 0.25, 1.0, 1.5.as5(3)-1.0tuning factors for varianc
e, horizontal and vertical scales for control variable 5 - unbalanced surface pressure. For cv_options=3 only. The actual default values are 0.25, 1.0, 1.5.rf_passes6number of passes of recursive filter.var_scaling11.0tuning factor of background error covariance for control variable 1 - stream function. For cv_options=5 only.var_scaling21.0tuning factor of background error covariance for control variable 2 - unbalanced velocity potential. For cv_options=5 only.var_scaling31.0tuning factor of background error covariance for control variable 3 - unbalanced temperature. For cv_options=5 only.var_scaling41.0tuning factor of background error covariance for control variable 4 - pseudo relative humidity. For cv_options=5 only.var_scaling51.0tuning factor of background error covariance for control variable 5 - unbalanced surface pressure. For cv_options=5 only.len_scaling11.0tuning factor of scale-length for stream function. For cv_options=5 only.len
_scaling21.0tuning factor of scale-length for unbalanced velocity potential. For cv_options=5 only.len_scaling31.0tuning factor of scale-length for unbalanced temperature. For cv_options=5 only.len_scaling41.0tuning factor of scale-length for pseudo relative humidity. For cv_options=5 only.len_scaling51.0tuning factor of scale-length for unbalanced surface pressure. For cv_options=5 only.je_factor1.0ensemble covariance weighting factor&wrfvar8 ;not used&wrfvar9for program tracing. trace_use=.true. gives additional performance diagnostics (calling tree, local routine timings, overall routine timings, & memory usage). It does not change results, but does add runtime overhead.stdout6unit number for standard outputstderr0unit number for error outputtrace_unit7Unit number for tracing output. Note that units 10 and 9 are reserved for reading namelist.input and writing namelist.output respectively.trace_pe0Currently, statistics
are always calculated for all processors, and output by processor 0.trace_repeat_head10the number of times any trace statement will produce output for any particular routine. This stops overwhelming trace output when a routine is called multiple times. Once this limit is reached a 'going quiet' message is written to the trace file, and no more output is produced from the routine, though statistics are still gathered.trace_repeat_body10see trace_repeat_head descriptiontrace_max_depth30define the deepest level to which tracing writes outputtrace_usetrue.true.: activate tracingtrace_use_frequentfalsetrace_use_dullfalsetrace_memorytrue.true.: calculate allocated memory using a mallinfo call. On some platforms (Cray and Mac), mallinfo is not available and no memory monitoring can be done.trace_all_pesfalse.true.: tracing is output for all pes. As stated in trace_pe, this does not change processor statistics.trace_csvtrue.true.: tracing statisti
cs are written to a xxxx.csv file in CSV formatuse_htmltrue.true.: tracing and error reporting routines will include HTML tags.warnings_are_fatalfalse.true.: warning messages that would normally allow the program to continue are treated as fatal errors.&wrfvar10 ; for code developer&wrfvar11cv_options_hum1do not changecheck_rh0 --> No supersaturation check after minimization.
1 --> supersaturation (rh> 100%) and minimum rh (rh<10%) check, and make the local adjustment of q.
-2 --> supersaturation (rh> 95%) and minimum rh (rh<11%) check and make the multi-level q adjustment under the constraint of conserved column integrated water vaporsfc_assi_options11 --> surface observations will be assimilated based on the lowest model level first guess. Observations are not used when the height difference of the elevation of the observing
+2 --> supersaturation (rh> 95%) and minimum rh (rh<11%) check and make the
multi-level q adjustment under the constraint of conserved column integrated water vaporsfc_assi_options11 --> surface observations will be assimilated based on the lowest model level first guess. Observations are not used when the height difference of the elevation of the observing
site and the lowest model level height is larger than 100m.
-2 --> surface observations will be assimilated based on surface similarity theory in PBL. Innovations are computed based on 10-m wind, 2-m temperature and 2-m moisture.calculate_cg_cost_fnfalseconjugate gradient algorithm does not require the computation of cost function at every iteration during minimization.
+2 --> surface observations will be assimilated based on surface similarity theory in PBL. Innovations are computed based on 10-m wind, 2-m temperature and 2-m moisture.calculate_cg_cost_fnfalseconjugate gradient algorithm does not require the computation of cost function at every iteration during minimi
zation.
.true.: Compute and write out cost function and gradient of each iteration into files called cost_fn and grad_fn.
-false.: Only the initial and final cost functions are computed and output.lat_stats_optionfalsedo not change&wrfvar12balance_type1obsolete&wrfvar13vert_corr2do not changevertical_ip0obsoletevert_evalue1do not changemax_vert_var199.0specify the maximum truncation value (in percentage) to explain the variance of stream function in eigenvector decompositionmax_vert_var299.0specify the maximum truncation value (in percentage) to explain the variance of unbalanced potential velocity in eigenvector decompositionmax_vert_var399.0specify the maximum truncation value (in percentage) to explain the variance of the unbalanced temperature in eigenvector decompositionmax_vert_var499.0specify the maximum truncation value (percentage) to explain the variance of pseudo relative humidity in eigenvector decompo
sitionmax_vert_var599.0for unbalanced surface pressure, it should be a non-zero positive numer.
-set max_vert_var5=0.0 only for offline VarBC applications.psi_chi_factor1.0Parameter to control contribution of stream function in defining balanced part of velocity potentialpsi_t_factor1.0Parameter to control contribution of stream function in defining balanced part of temperaturepsi_ps_factor1.0Parameter to control contribution of stream function in defining balanced part of surface pressurepsi_rh_factor1.0Parameter to control contribution of stream function in defining balanced part of moisturechi_u_t_factor1.0Parameter to control contribution of unbalanced part of velocity potential in defining balanced part of temperaturechi_u_ps_factor1.0Parameter to control contribution of unbalanced part of velocity potential in defining balanced part of surface pressurechi_u_rh_factor1.0Parameter to control contribution of unbalanced part of veloc
ity potential in defining balanced part of moisturet_u_rh_factor1.0Parameter to control contribution of unbalanced part of temperature in defining balanced part of moistureps_u_rh_factor1.0Parameter to control contribution of unbalanced part of surface pressure in defining balanced part of moisture
-&wrfvar14Parameter to control contribution of unbalanced part of surface pressure in defining balanced part of moisturethe following 4 variables (rtminit_nsensor, rtminit_platform, rtminit_satid, rtminit_sensor) together control what sensors to be assimilated.rtminit_nsensor1total number of sensors to be assimilatedrtminit_platform-1
-(max_instruments)platforms IDs array (used dimension: rtminit_nsensor); e.g., 1 for NOAA, 9 for EOS, 10 for METOP and 2 for DMSPrtminit_satid-1.0
-(max_instruments)satellite IDs array (used dimension: rtminit_nsensor)rtminit_sensor-1.0
-(max_instruments)sensor IDs array (used dimension: rtminit_nsensor); e
.g., 0 for HIRS, 3 for AMSU-A, 4 for AMSU-B, 15 for MHS, 10 for SSMIS, 11 for AIRSrad_monitoring0
+false.: Only the initial and final cost functions are computed and output.lat_stats_optionfalsedo not change&wrfvar12balance_type1obsolete&wrfvar13vert_corr2do not changevertical_ip0obsoletevert_evalue1do not changemax_vert_var199.0specify the maximum truncation value (in percentage) to explain the variance of stream function in eigenvector decompositionmax_vert_var299.0specify the maximum truncation value (in percentage) to explain the variance of unbalanced potential velocity in eigenvector decompositionmax_vert_var399.0specify the maximum truncation value (in percentage) to explain the variance of the unbalanced temperature in eigenvector decompositionmax_vert_var499.0specify the maximum truncation value (percentage) to explain the variance of pseudo relative humidity in eigenvector decompositionmax_vert_var599.0for
unbalanced surface pressure, it should be a non-zero positive numer.
+set max_vert_var5=0.0 only for offline VarBC applications.psi_chi_factor1.0Parameter to control contribution of stream function in defining balanced part of velocity potentialpsi_t_factor1.0Parameter to control contribution of stream function in defining balanced part of temperaturepsi_ps_factor1.0Parameter to control contribution of stream function in defining balanced part of surface pressurepsi_rh_factor1.0Parameter to control contribution of stream function in defining balanced part of moisturechi_u_t_factor1.0Parameter to control contribution of unbalanced part of velocity potential in defining balanced part of temperaturechi_u_ps_factor1.0Parameter to control contribution of unbalanced part of velocity potential in defining balanced part of surface pressurechi_u_rh_factor1.0Parameter to control contribution of unbalanced part of velocity potential in defining balanced par
t of moisturet_u_rh_factor1.0Parameter to control contribution of unbalanced part of temperature in defining balanced part of moistureps_u_rh_factor1.0Parameter to control contribution of unbalanced part of surface pressure in defining balanced part of moisture
+&wrfvar14the following 4 variables (rtminit_nsensor, rtminit_platform, rtminit_satid, rtminit_sensor) together control what sensors to be assimilated.rtminit_nsensor1total number of sensors to be assimilatedrtminit_platform-1
+(max_instruments)platforms IDs array (used dimension: rtminit_nsensor); e.g., 1 for NOAA, 9 for EOS, 10 for METOP and 2 for DMSPrtminit_satid-1.0
+(max_instruments)satellite IDs array (used dimension: rtminit_nsensor)rtminit_sensor-1.0
+(max_instruments)sensor IDs array (used dimension: rtminit_nsensor); e.g., 0 for HIRS, 3 for AMSU-A, 4 for AMSU-B, 15 for MHS, 10 for SSMIS, 11 for AIRSrad_monitoring0
(max_instruments)integer array (used dimension: rtmi
nit_nsensor); 0: assimilating mode;
-1: monitoring mode (only calculate innovations)thinning_mesh60.0
-(max_instruments)real array (used dimension: rtminit_nsensor); specify thinning mesh size (in KM) for different sensors.thinningfalse.true.: perform thinning on radiance dataqc_radtrue.true.: perform quality control. always .true.write_iv_rad_asciifalse.true.: output radiance Observation minus Background files, which are in ASCII format and separated by sensors and processors.write_oa_rad_asciifalse.true.: output radiance Observation minus Analysis files (Observation minus Background information is also included), which are in ASCII format and separated by sensors and processors.use_error_factor_radfalse.true.: use a radiance error tuning factor file "radiance_error.factor", which can be created with empirical values or generated using variational tuning method (Desroziers and Ivanov, 2001)use_antcorrfalse
-(max_instruments).tr
ue.: perform Antenna Correction in CRTMrtm_option1what RTM (Radiative Transfer Model) to use 1: RTTOV (WRFDA needs to compile with RTTOV) 2: CRTM (WRFDA needs to compile with CRTM)only_sea_radfalse.true.: assimilate radiance over water onlyuse_varbcfalse.true.: perform Variational Bias Correction. A parameter file in ASCII format called VARBC.in (a template is provided with the source code tar ball) is required.freeze_varbcfalse.true: together with use_varbc=.false., keep the VarBC bias parameters constant in time. In this case, the bias correction is read and applied to the innovations, but it is not updated during the minimization.varbc_factor1.0for scaling the VarBC preconditioningvarbc_nobsmin10defines the minimum number of observations required for the computation of the predictor statistics during the first assimilation cycle. If there are not enough data (according to "VARBC_NOBSMIN") on the first cycle, the next cycle will pe
rform a coldstart again.airs_warmest_fovfalse.true.: uses the observation brightness temperature forAIRS Window channel #914 as criterion for GSI thinning (with a higher amplitude than the distance from the observation location to the nearest grid point).use_crtm_kmatrixfalse.true. use CRTM K matrix rather than calling CRTM TL and AD routines for gradient calculation, which reduces runtime noticeably.use_rttov_kmatrixfalse.true. use RTTOV K matrix rather than calling RTTOV TL and AD routines for gradient calculation, which reduces runtime noticeably.rttov_emis_atlas_ir00: do not use IR emissivity atlas
-1: use IR emissivity atlas (recommended)rttov_emis_atlas_mw00: do not use MW emissivity atlas
+1: monitoring mode (only calculate innovations)thinning_mesh60.0
+(max_instruments)real array (used dimension: rtminit_nsensor); specify thinning mesh size (in KM) for different sensors.thinningfalse.true.: perform thinning on radiance dataq
c_radtrue.true.: perform quality control. always .true.write_iv_rad_asciifalse.true.: output radiance Observation minus Background files, which are in ASCII format and separated by sensors and processors.write_oa_rad_asciifalse.true.: output radiance Observation minus Analysis files (Observation minus Background information is also included), which are in ASCII format and separated by sensors and processors.use_error_factor_radfalse.true.: use a radiance error tuning factor file "radiance_error.factor", which can be created with empirical values or generated using variational tuning method (Desroziers and Ivanov, 2001)use_antcorrfalse
+(max_instruments).true.: perform Antenna Correction in CRTMrtm_option1what RTM (Radiative Transfer Model) to use 1: RTTOV (WRFDA needs to compile with RTTOV) 2: CRTM (WRFDA needs to compile with CRTM)only_sea_radfalse.true.: assimilate radiance over water onlyuse_varbcfalse.true.: perform Variational Bi
as Correction. A parameter file in ASCII format called VARBC.in (a template is provided with the source code tar ball) is required.freeze_varbcfalse.true: together with use_varbc=.false., keep the VarBC bias parameters constant in time. In this case, the bias correction is read and applied to the innovations, but it is not updated during the minimization.varbc_factor1.0for scaling the VarBC preconditioningvarbc_nobsmin10defines the minimum number of observations required for the computation of the predictor statistics during the first assimilation cycle. If there are not enough data (according to "VARBC_NOBSMIN") on the first cycle, the next cycle will perform a coldstart again.airs_warmest_fovfalse.true.: uses the observation brightness temperature forAIRS Window channel #914 as criterion for GSI thinning (with a higher amplitude than the distance from the observation location to the nearest grid point).use_crtm_kmatrixfalse.true. use CRTM
K matrix rather than calling CRTM TL and AD routines for gradient calculation, which reduces runtime noticeably.use_rttov_kmatrixfalse.true. use RTTOV K matrix rather than calling RTTOV TL and AD routines for gradient calculation, which reduces runtime noticeably.rttov_emis_atlas_ir00: do not use IR emissivity atlas
+1: use IR emissivity atlas (recommended)rttov_emis_atlas_mw00: do not use MW emissivity atlas
1: use TELSEM MW emissivity atlas (recommended)
-2: use CNRM MW emissivity atlas&wrfvar15 (needs to be set together with &wrfvar19)num_pseudo0Set the number of pseudo observations, either 0 or 1 (single ob)pseudo_x1.0Set the x-position (I) of the OBS in unit of grid-point.pseudo_y1.0Set the y-position (J) of the OBS in unit of grid-point.pseudo_z1.0Set the z-position (K) of OBS with the vertical level index, in bottom-up order.pseudo_val1.0Set the innovation of the ob; wind in m/s, pressure in Pa, temperature in K, spec
ific humidity in kg/kg
-pseudo_err1.0set the error of the pseudo ob. Unit the same as pseudo_val.; if pseudo_var="q", pseudo_err=0.001 is more reasonable.&wrfvar16 (for hybrid WRFDA/ensemble)alphacv_method21: ensemble perturbations in control variable space
-2: ensemble perturbations in model variable spaceensdim_alpha0ensemble sizealpha_corr_type31: alpha_corr_type_exp
+2: use CNRM MW emissivity atlas&wrfvar15 (needs to be set together with &wrfvar19)num_pseudo0Set the number of pseudo observations, either 0 or 1 (single ob)pseudo_x1.0Set the x-position (I) of the OBS in unit of grid-point.pseudo_y1.0Set the y-position (J) of the OBS in unit of grid-point.pseudo_z1.0Set the z-position (K) of OBS with the vertical level index, in bottom-up order.pseudo_val1.0Set the innovation of the ob; wind in m/s, pressure in Pa, temperature in K, specific humidity in kg/kg
+pseudo_err1.0set the error of the pseudo
ob. Unit the same as pseudo_val.; if pseudo_var="q", pseudo_err=0.001 is more reasonable.&wrfvar16 (for hybrid WRFDA/ensemble)alphacv_method21: ensemble perturbations in control variable space
+2: ensemble perturbations in model variable spaceensdim_alpha0ensemble sizealpha_corr_type31: alpha_corr_type_exp
2: alpha_corr_type_soar
-3: alpha_corr_type_gaussian (default)alpha_corr_scale1500.0km&wrfvar17analysis_type3D-VAR"3D-VAR": 3D-VAR mode (default);
+3: alpha_corr_type_gaussian (default)alpha_corr_scale1500.0km&wrfvar17analysis_type3D-VAR"3D-VAR": 3D-VAR mode (default);
"QC-OBS": 3D-VAR mode plus extra filtered_obs output;
-"VERIFY": verification mode. WRFDA resets check_max_iv=.false. and ntmax=0; "RANDOMCV": for creating ensemble perturbations&wrfvar18 (needs to set &wrfvar21 and &wrfvar22 as well if ob_format=1 and/or radiances are used)a
nalysis_date2002-08-03_00:00:00.0000specify the analysis time. It should be consistent with the first guess time. However, if time difference between analysis_date and date info read in from first guess is larger than analysis_accu, WRFDA will issue a warning message ("=======> Wrong xb time found???"), but won't abort.&wrfvar19 (needs to be set together with &wrfvar15)pseudo_vartSet the name of the OBS variable:
+"VERIFY": verification mode. WRFDA resets check_max_iv=.false. and ntmax=0; "RANDOMCV": for creating ensemble perturbations&wrfvar18 (needs to set &wrfvar21 and &wrfvar22 as well if ob_format=1 and/or radiances are used)analysis_date2002-08-03_00:00:00.0000specify the analysis time. It should be consistent with the first guess time; however, if time difference between analysis_date and date info read in from first guess is larger than analysis_accu, WRFDA will issue a warning message ("
=======> Wrong xb time found???"), but won't abort.&wrfvar19 (needs to be set together with &wrfvar15)pseudo_vartSet the name of the OBS variable:
'u' = X-direction component of wind,
'v' = Y-direction component of wind,
't' = Temperature,
@@ -1219,14 +1227,12 @@
'q' = Specific humidity
"pw": total precipitable water
"ref": refractivity
-"ztd": zenith total delay&wrfvar20documentation_urlhttp://www.mmm.ucar.edu/people/wrfhelp/wrfvar/code/trunk&wrfvar21time_window_min"2002-08-02_21:00:00.0000"start time of assimilation time window used for ob_format=1 and radiances to select observations inside the defined time_window. Note: Start from V3.1, this variable is also used for ob_format=2 to double-check if the obs are within the specified time window.
-&wrfvar22time_window_max"2002-08-03_03:00:00.0000"end time of assimilation time window used for ob_format=1 and radiances to select observations inside the defined time_window. Note: Start from V3.1, this variable is also used for ob_format=2 to double-check if the obs are within the specified time window.&perturbation (settings related to the 4D-Var)
-jcdfi_usefalse.true.: Include JcDF ter
m in cost function.
-.False.: Ignore JcDF term in cost function..true.: Include JcDF term in cost function.
+"ztd": zenith total delay&wrfvar20documentation_urlhttp://www.mmm.ucar.edu/people/wrfhelp/wrfvar/code/trunk&wrfvar21time_window_min"2002-08-02_21:00:00.0000"start time of assimilation time window used for ob_format=1 and radiances to select observations inside the defined time_window. Note: Start from V3.1, this variable is also used for ob_format=2 to double-check if the obs are within the specified time window.
+&wrfvar22time_window_max"2002-08-03_03:00:00.0000"end time of assimilation time window used for ob_format=1 and radiances to select observations inside the defined time_window. Note: Start from V3.1, this variable is also used for ob_format=2 to double-check if the obs are within the specified time window.&perturbation (settings related to the 4D-Var)jcdfi_usefalse.true.: Include JcDF
term in cost function.
.False.: Ignore JcDF term in cost function.jcdfi_diag10: Doesn't print out the value of Jc.
-1:Print out the value of Jc.jcdfi_penalty10The weight to Jc term.enable_identity.false..true.: use identity adjoint and tangent linear model in 4D-Var.
-.false.: use full adjoint and tangent linear model in 4D-Var.trajectory_io.true..true.: use memory I/O in 4D-Var for data exchange
-.false.: use disk I/O in 4D-Var for data exchange
+1:Print out the value of Jc.jcdfi_penalty10The weight to Jc term.enable_identity.false..true.: use identity adjoint and tangent linear model in 4D-Var.
+.false.: use full adjoint and tangent linear model in 4D-Var.trajectory_io.true..true.: use memory I/O in 4D-Var for data exchange
+.false.: use disk I/O in 4D-Var for data exchange
OBSPROC namelist variables.
Variable NamesDescription&record1obs_gts_filenamename and path of decoded observation filefg_format'MM5' for MM5 appl
ication, 'WRF' for WRF applicationobserr.txtname and path of observational error filefirst_guess_filename and path of the first guess file&record2time_window_minThe earliest time edge as ccyy-mm-dd_hh:mn:sstime_analysisThe analysis time as ccyy-mm-dd_hh:mn:sstime_window_maxThe latest time edge as ccyy-mm-dd_hh:mn:ss
** Note : Only observations between [time_window_min, time_window_max] will kept.&record3max_number_of_obsMaximum number of observations to be loaded, ie in domain and time window, this is independent of the number of obs actually read.fatal_if_exceed_max_obs.TRUE.: will stop when more than max_number_of_obs are loaded
@@ -1246,10 +1252,10 @@
-WRF-ARW V3: Users Guide 6- PAGE 8
+WRF-ARW V3: Users Guide 6- PAGE 12
-WRF-ARW V3: Users Guide 6- PAGE 7
+WRF-ARW V3: Users Guide 6- PAGE 11
@@ -1263,16 +1269,16 @@
-WRF Data Assimilation
- SHAPE
+WRFDA
+
-WRF Data Assimilation
- SHAPE
+WRFDA
+
- SHAPE
+
WRF-ARW V3: Users Guide 6- PAGE 40
- SHAPE
+
WRF-ARW V3: Users Guide 6- PAGE 39
@@ -1287,9 +1293,17 @@
+WRFDA
+
+WRFDA
+
+
+WRF-ARW V3: Users Guide 6- PAGE 58
+
+WRF-ARW V3: Users Guide 6- PAGE 59
@@ -1297,11 +1311,7 @@
-
-
-
-
-
5 6 V W X d e f g
+
5 6 V W X d e f g
2 3 4 < > d e f
@@ -1312,16 +1322,15 @@
G
H
- jj hrI Uj hrI Uj: hrI Uj hrI Uj hrI Uj hrI Uj
- hrI Uj hrI U
-hrI 0JV j hrI Uj hrI UhrI 6 " # 5 f
+ jj h Uj h Uj: h Uj h Uj h Uj h Uj
+ h Uj h U
+h 0JV j h Uj h Uh 6 " # 5 f
o
- . ) z | -
- n $a$ n h^h
+ . ) z | . n $a$ n h^h
& F
-& F gd}5
+& F gd[m
& F
& F $a$ H
I
@@ -1344,25 +1353,24 @@
, - . / Y Z [
- ' ( ) * U V W x y h}5 5ju h}5 Uj h}5 U
-h}5 0JV jA h}5 Uh}5 j h}5 Uj hrI Uj% hrI Uj hrI Uj hrI UhrI
-hrI 0JV j hrI U 6 V
- ^
- f g e f g } ~
- ] ` F G y z _ `
- ؝ j% h}5 Uh}5 0JV NH j&% h}5 Uj7$ h}5 U h}5 H* h}5 H*j: h}5 Uj#
- h}5 U
-h}5 0JV j h}5 Uj h}5 U
-h}5 NH h}5 5h}5 9 \ E M $ " w w
-& F $^a$ $a$ n n $ `a$ n $ ^a$ 2 3 Y r A B # $ { | $ R S ! ! ,! ?! P! U! " " " " \# ]# # # # $ $ (% h}5 NH OJ QJ h}5 0JV OJ QJ jT& h}5 Uj h}5 Uh}5 OJ QJ h}5 5OJ QJ h}5 5B* ph h}5 6B* ph h}5 B* NH ph h}5 B* ph h}5 CJ OJ QJ h}5 5
-h}5 NH h}5 6" " " &" '" ." A" H kdG' $$If 0 Nr" L 4 4
+ ' ( ) * U V W x y h[m 5ju h[m Uj h[m U
+h[m 0JV jA h[m Uh[m j h[m Uj h Uj% h Uj h Uj h Uh
+h 0JV j h U 6 W
+ _
+ k l j k l g j T U q r " # $ ؝؝ j% h[m Uh[m 0JV NH j&% h[m Uj7$ h[m U h[m H* h[m H*j: h[m Uj#
+ h[m U
+h[m 0JV j h[m Uj h[m U
+h[m NH h[m 5h[m 9 f S ^ 6 " w w
+& F $^a$ $a$ n n $ `a$ n $ ^a$ $ 2 3 > ? K L r V W 1 2 6 d e ! .! >! Q! b! g! " " " " p# q# # # # ѽѳ h[m 0JV OJ QJ jT& h[m Uh[m OJ QJ h[m 5OJ QJ h[m 5B* ph h[m 6B* ph h[m B* NH ph h[m B* ph h[m CJ OJ QJ h[m 5
+h[m NH h[m j h[m U
+h[m 0JV 7 " !" 0" 8" 9" @" S" H kdG' $$If 0 Nr" L 4 4
l a
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P@ $7$ G$ If
& 0`
-P@ 7$ A" B" J" " " " " Q 5
+P@ 7$ S" T" \" " " " " Q 5
& 0`
P@ $7$ If H kde( $$If 0 Nr" L 4 4
@@ -1370,29 +1378,33 @@
& 0`
P@ $7$ G$ If H kd' $$If 0 Nr" L 4 4
-l a " '# (# 4# p# q# |# Q H kd) $$If 0 Nr" L 4 4
+l a " :# ;# G# # # # Q H kd) $$If 0 Nr" L 4 4
l aH kd( $$If 0 Nr" L 4 4
l a
& 0`
-P@ $7$ G$ If |# }# # # # # # } H kd* $$If 0 Nr" L 4 4
+P@ $7$ G$ If # # # # # # # } H kd* $$If 0 Nr" L 4 4
l a
& 0`
P@ $7$ G$ If
& 0`
-P@ $7$ If # # # (% I% % % % M& a' ' $( &( ( ( * * t^t ^ n ^ w ^ w ^ w w
+P@ $7$ If # # # 5% V% % Z& k& ' ' ( ( ( ) ) I* * ^ gd[m ^gd[m n w ^ w ^ w w
& F H kd* $$If 0 Nr" L 4 4
-l a (% *% I% % % % & & ( ( &( ( ( * * + C+ c+ d+ + + + , - - -- A- .
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- N `" _ D e s c r i p t i o n _ o f _ N a m e l i s t _ 1 v B K b h t t p : / / w w w . m m m . u c a r . e d u / w r f / u s e r s / w r f d a / T u t o r i a l s / 2 0 1 0 _ A u g / t u t o r i a l _ p r e s e n t a t i o n _ s u m m e r _ 2 0 1 0 . h t m l `" / u H 6 h t t p : / / w w w . m m m . u c a r . e d u / m m 5 / m m 5 v 3 / d a t a / f r e e _ d a t a . h t m l `" R e E ? h t t p : / / w w w . m m m . u c a r . e d u / m m 5 / m m 5 v 3 / d a t a / h o w _ t o _ g e t _ r a w d a t a . h t m l `" ` B > h t t p : / / w w w . m m m . u c a r . e d u / w r f / u s e r s / w r f d a / d o w n l o a d / w r f p l u s . h t m l `" f Z ? A h t t p : / / w w w . m m m . u c a r . e d u / w r f /
u s e r s / w r f d a / d o w n l o a d / g e t _ s o u r c e . h t m l `" & < `" _ R u n n i n g _ g e n _ b e _ 1 x ] 9 `" $ _ R u n n i n g _ O b s e r v a t i o n _ P r e p r o c e s s o r _ 1 5 ; 6 ? h t t p : / / w w w . m m m . u c a r . e d u / w r f / u s e r s / w r f d a / d o w n l o a d / t e s t d a t a . h t m l `" w 5 3 S h t t p : / / w w w . m m m . u c a r . e d u / w r f / u s e r s / w r f d a / D o c s / u s e r _ g u i d e _ V 3 . 2 / u s e r s _ g u i d e _ c h a p 6 . h t m `" w 5 0 S h t t p : / / w w w . m m m . u c a r . e d u / w r f / u s e r s / w r f d a / D o c s / u s e r _ g u i d e _ V 3 . 2 / u s e r s _ g u i d e _ c h a p 6 . h t m `" Q
- - `" _ D e s c r i p t i o n _ o f _ N a m e l i s t _ 1 X k * `" _ H y b r i d _ D a t a _ A s s i m i l a t i o n _ 2 * U ' `" _ A d d i t i o n a l _ W R F D A _ E x e r c i s e s : \ $ `" _ W R F D A _ w i t h _ M u l t i v a r i a t e _ 2 & ! `" _ R u n n i n g _ g e n _ b e _ 1 f C `" _ U p d a t i n g _ W R F _ l a t e r a l _ 1 & `" _ W R F - V a r _ D i a g n o s t i c s _ 1 0 `" _ R a d i a n c e _ D a t a _ A s s i m i l a t i o n s 6 `" _ R u n n i n g _ W R F - V a r _ 1 x ]
`" $ _ R u n n i n g _ O b s e r v a t i o n _ P r e p r o c e s s o r _ 1 _ `" _ I n s t a l l i n g _ W R F N L _ a n d _ `" _ I n s t a l l i n g _ W R F N L _ a n d _ `" _ I n s t a l l i n g _ W R F N L _ a n d 2 `" _ I n s t a l l i n g _ W R F - V a r 2 `" _ I n s t a l l i n g _ W R F - V a r r C `" _ I n t r o d u c t i o n _ 1
+ ' NCAR T Chapter 6: WRF-VAR Title 8 @ _PID_HLINKS ' A l w { < h t t p : / / w w w . m m m . u c a r . e d u / w r f / u s e r s / w r f d a / d o w n l o a d / t o o l s . h t m l 5 ; x ? h t t p : / / w w w . m m m . u c a r . e d u / w r f / u s e r s / w r f d a / d o w n l o a d / t e s t d a t a . h t m l b g u ? h t t p : / / r e s e a r c h . m e t o f f i c e . g o v . u k / r e s e a r c h / i n t e r p r o j / n w p s a f / r t m K r V h t t p : / / r e s e a r c h . m e t o f f i c e . g o v . u k / r e s e a r c h / i n t e r p r o j / n w p s a f / r t m / r t t o v _ d e s c r i p t i o n . h t m l
K o V h t t p : / / r e s e a r c h . m e t o f f i c e . g o v . u k / r e s e a r c h / i n t e r p r o j / n w p s a f / r t m / r t t o v _ d e s c r i p t i o n . h t m l A [ l = h t t p : / / w w w . d t c e n t e r . o r g / c o m - G S I / u s e r s / s u p p o r t / f a q s / i n d e x . p h p 6 i _ R u n n i n g _ W R F - V a r _ 1 A [ f = h t t p : / / w w w . d t c e n t e r . o r g / c o m - G S I / u s e r s / s u p p o r t / f a q s / i n d e x . p h p O } c _ A d d i t i o n a l _ W R F - V a r _ E x e r c i s e s : & ` _ W R F - V a r _ D i a g n o s t i c s _ 1 5 ; ] ? h t t p : / / w w w . m m m . u c a r . e d u /
w r f / u s e r s / w r f d a / d o w n l o a d / t e s t d a t a . h t m l * y Z _ R u n n i n g _ g e n _ b e I W " _ R u n n i n g _ O b s e r v a t i o n _ P r e p r o c e s s o r Q
+ T _ D e s c r i p t i o n _ o f _ N a m e l i s t _ 1 Q
+ Q _ D e s c r i p t i o n _ o f _ N a m e l i s t _ 1 Q
+ N _ D e s c r i p t i o n _ o f _ N a m e l i s t _ 1 v B K b h t t p : / / w w w . m m m . u c a r . e d u / w r f / u s e r s / w r f d a / T u t o r i a l s / 2 0 1 0 _ A u g / t u t o r i a l _ p r e s e n t a t i o n _ s u m m e r _ 2 0 1 0 . h t m l / u H 6 h t t p : / / w w w . m m m . u c a r . e d u / m m 5 / m m 5 v 3 / d a t a / f r e e _ d a t a . h t m l R e E ? h t t p : / / w w w . m m m . u c a r . e d u / m m 5 / m m 5 v 3 / d a t a / h o w _ t o _ g e t _ r a w d a t a . h t m l ` B > h t t p : / / w w w . m m m . u c a r . e d u / w r f / u s e r s / w r f d a / d o w n l o a d / w r f p l u s . h t m l f Z ? A h t t p : / / w w w . m m m . u c a r . e d u / w r f / u s e r s / w r f d a / d
o w n l o a d / g e t _ s o u r c e . h t m l & < _ R u n n i n g _ g e n _ b e _ 1 x ] 9 $ _ R u n n i n g _ O b s e r v a t i o n _ P r e p r o c e s s o r _ 1 5 ; 6 ? h t t p : / / w w w . m m m . u c a r . e d u / w r f / u s e r s / w r f d a / d o w n l o a d / t e s t d a t a . h t m l w 5 3 S h t t p : / / w w w . m m m . u c a r . e d u / w r f / u s e r s / w r f d a / D o c s / u s e r _ g u i d e _ V 3 . 2 / u s e r s _ g u i d e _ c h a p 6 . h t m w 5 0 S h t t p : / / w w w . m m m . u c a r . e d u / w r f / u s e r s / w r f d a / D o c s / u s e r _ g u i d e _ V 3 . 2 / u s e r s _ g u i d e _ c h a p 6 . h t m Q
+ - _ D e s c r i p t i o n _ o f _ N a m e l i s t _ 1 X k * _ H y b r i d _ D a t a _ A s s i m i l a t i o n _ 2 * U ' _ A d d i t i o n a l _ W R F D A _ E x e r c i s e s : \ $ _ W R F D A _ w i t h _ M u l t i v a r i a t e _ 2 & ! _ R u n n i n g _ g e n _ b e _ 1 f C _ U p d a t i n g _ W R F _ l a t e r a l _ 1 & _ W R F - V a r _ D i a g n o s t i c s _ 1 0 _ R a d i a n c e _ D a t a _ A s s i m i l a t i o n s 6 _ R u n n i n g _ W R F - V a r _ 1 x ] $ _ R u n
n i n g _ O b s e r v a t i o n _ P r e p r o c e s s o r _ 1 _ _ I n s t a l l i n g _ W R F N L _ a n d _ _ I n s t a l l i n g _ W R F N L _ a n d _ _ I n s t a l l i n g _ W R F N L _ a n d 2 _ I n s t a l l i n g _ W R F - V a r 2 _ I n s t a l l i n g _ W R F - V a r r C _ I n t r o d u c t i o n _ 1
! " # $ % & ' ( ) * + , - . / 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 : ; < = > ? @ A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z [ \ ] ^ _ ` a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z { | } ~
! " # $ % & ' ( ) * + , - . / 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 : ; < = > ? @ A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z [ \ ] ^ _ ` a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z { | } ~
- ! " # $ % & ' ( ) * + , - . / 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 : ; < = > ? @ A B C D E F G I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z [ \ ] ^ _ ` a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z { | } ~
+ ! " # $ % & ' ( ) * + , - . / 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 : ; < = > ? @ A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z [ \ ] ^ _ ` a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z { | } ~
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@@ -18897,7 +18813,8 @@
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+ ! " # $ % & ' ( ) * + , - . / 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 : ; < = > ? @ A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z [ \ ] ^ _ ` a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z { | } ~
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