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</o:shapelayout></xml><![endif]--></head><body lang=EN-US link="#0563C1" vlink="#954F72"><div class=WordSection1><p class=Default><b><span style='font-size:16.0pt;color:red'>Postdoctoral fellowship </span></b><span style='font-size:16.0pt;color:red'><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=Default><b><span style='font-size:11.5pt'>MODEL DEVELOPMENT AND VALIDATION FOR SOUTHERN BRAZIL PBAP´S </span></b><span style='font-size:11.5pt'><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=Default><b><span style='font-size:11.5pt'>PI Supervisor: </span></b><span style='font-size:11.5pt'>Profs. Drs. Fábio L T Gonçalves/Vaughan Phillips <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=Default><b><span style='font-size:11.5pt'>Contact </span></b><span style='font-size:11.5pt'><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=Default><b><span style='font-size:11.5pt'>Email : </span></b><b><span style='font-size:11.5pt;color:blue'>fabio.goncalves@iag.usp.br </span></b><b><span style='font-size:11.5pt'>/ </span></b><b><span style='font-size:11.5pt;color:blue'>vaughan.phillips@nateko.lu.se </span></b><span style='font-size:11.5pt'><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=Default><b><span style='font-size:11.5pt'>Dept. of Atmospheric Sciences, São Paulo, Brazil/ University of Lund, Sweden </span></b><span style='font-size:11.5pt'><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=Default><b><span style='font-size:11.5pt'>Deadline: 31/10/2018 </span></b><span style='font-size:11.5pt'><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=Default><span style='font-size:11.5pt'>24 months, 40 hours per week <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=Default><span style='font-size:11.5pt'>Salary: ca. 7000 reais/month plus benefits <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=Default><span style='font-size:11.5pt'>In the context of the project: <b>PRIMARY BIOLOGICAL AEROSOL PARTICLES (PBAPS): SAMPLING AND MODELING AT SOUTHERN BRAZIL ASSOCIATED TO IMPROVEMENTS OF CLIMATE MODELS </b><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=Default><b><span style='font-size:11.5pt'>FAPESP PROJECT (2016/06160-8), coordinators: </span></b><span style='font-size:11.5pt'>Profs. Drs. Fábio L T Gonçalves/Vaughan Phillips <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=Default><span style='font-size:11.5pt'>CONTEXT: <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=Default><span style='font-size:11.5pt'>Airborne particles directly and indirectly impact Earth's climate as well as human and animal health. This project will explore the status of the current and incomplete global climatology of hail, hail formation, its relation to primary biological aerosol particles that are ice nuclei (PBAP-IN) to explain the observed behavior for the Southern region of Brazil. Remote sensing techniques and downscaling scenarios will be considered in the analysis proposed in this project and methods able to assess the impact of future climate scenarios. This research is expected to evaluate the knowledge about PBAP-IN and hail phenomena and improve the modern techniques of detection of hailstorms by satellites, including the assessment of any signal of climate change impact. Finally, the project will provide the community with observations of the local and specific conditions of <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=Default style='page-break-before:always'><span style='font-size:11.5pt'>hailstorms occurrence, related to PBAP-IN and, based on these conditions, establish the synoptic or large-scale circulation patterns under which the phenomena occur in the South and Southeast of Brazil and what behavior could be expected to the future. <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=Default><b><span style='font-size:11.5pt'>The postdoctoral scholar will achieve these objectives</span></b><span style='font-size:11.5pt'>: <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=Default><span style='font-size:11.5pt'>Schemes to treat ice nucleation by bacteria, fungal and other bio-aerosol (e.g. algal) particles separately will be created. <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=Default><span style='font-size:11.5pt'>These schemes will be implemented in the WRF cloud model of the Lund side and in the Brazilian model. <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=Default><span style='font-size:11.5pt'>Airborne concentrations and size distributions of bacteria and fungal particles will be specified for the cases to be simulated by both sides (Lund, Brazil). <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=Default><span style='font-size:11.5pt'>The WRF model will be validated against all available ground-based, satellite-based and aircraft (in similar Brazilian areas) observations, either for the clouds simulated or for clouds in a similar area and time of year. <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=Default><span style='font-size:11.5pt'>Optionally other model improvements will be done, such as inclusion of a fully spectral model approach for the microphysics and improved treatments of sticking efficiency for aggregation and hail wet growth. <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=Default><b><span style='font-size:11.5pt'>Specific Tasks </span></b><span style='font-size:11.5pt'><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:11.5pt'>First, our empirical parameterization (Phillips et al. 2008, 2013) of biological ice nucleation will be improved by resolving the separate species of bio-aerosol (bacteria, fungal, algal particles). Time-dependence of ice nucleation will be treated in an empirical way by inspecting and simulating off-line lab studies already published, in collaboration with other experts in observations of ice nucleation in USA. Next, field observations by satellite, aircraft and from the ground, will be gathered for the two locations of our observed cases near Sao Paulo and Paraná state. The observations will include radar reflectivity, lightning flash rate, surface precipitation rate, vertical velocity histograms, shortwave and longwave fluxes observed by satellite, CCN and IN concentrations, and cloud-droplet concentrations. Simulations with our cloud models of both locations will be validated with available observations. Prediction of measurements with hail-pads will be validated in particular.</span><b><o:p></o:p></b></p></div></body></html>