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</o:shapelayout></xml><![endif]--></head><body lang=ZH-TW link="#0563C1" vlink="#954F72" style='text-justify-trim:punctuation'><div class=WordSection1><p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-US>Dear Colleagues, <br><br><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-US>We would like to invite you to submit abstracts to the 2019 AOGS section ST32 “Ionospheric Responses to Natural and Anthropogenic Sources” in Singapore during July 28-Aug 2, 2019. Abstract submission is due on<b> Feb 12, 2019.<br></b><br></span><b><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:14.0pt'>ST32- Ionospheric Responses to Natural and Anthropogenic Sources<br></span></b><span lang=EN-US>Atmospheric wave perturbations originating from the lithosphere and lower atmosphere induce Traveling ionospheric disturbances that play a critical role on the upper atmospheric variability. The waves can be generated by nature geophysical activities, such as earthquake/tsunami, volcano, typhoon, and meteorological events. On the other hand, human activities such as explosion and rocket launches also generate anthropogenic atmospheric waves to affect the upper atmosphere, leading to man-made space weather. The upward propagation of atmospheric waves can not only directly perturb the ionosphere through wave perturbation but also indirectly trigger ionospheric instabilities through electrodynamic process. To better understand the lithosphere-atmosphere-ionosphere coupling, this session solicits contributions on the upper atmospheric disturbances in both neutral and ionized components due to the disturbances from lower altitude origins.<br><br>Sincerely,<br><br>Conveners:<br>Min-Yang Chou (National Cheng Kung University, Taiwan)<br>Charles Lin (National Cheng Kung University, Taiwan)<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-US>Yuichi Otsuka (Nagoya University, Japan)<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-US>Yang-Yi Sun (China University of Geosciences, China)<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-US><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-US><o:p> </o:p></span></p></div></body></html>